The influence of artificial shading on environmental variables and on behavioral responses of Nellore steers in an intensive production system was evaluated in this study. The experiment was conducted in the experimental feedlot of the Department of Animal Science at Universidade Estadual de Goiás, from July to October 2014. Forty-eight male Nellore cattle with an average initial weight of 310 kg were kept in double 24-m 2 stalls, in a total of 24 stalls. Of these, six were in the open air; six were covered with black shade netting of 30% light interception; six with black shade netting 50%; and six with black shade netting 80%, providing 6 m 2 of shade per stall. Temperature-humidity index (THI) and respiratory frequency (RF) were assessed twice weekly and behavior was evaluated fortnightly during 12 h, between 06:00 h and 18.00 h. Feeding behavior, rumination, rest, and social activities such as body care and playful and abnormal activities were observed. A significant increase was found in THI and RF as the shading levels decreased, while a significant difference was recorded in rest and in other activities, water intake, and play behavior. Rest time and playful behavior increased significantly, and other activities and water intake decreased with the increase in shading levels. Shading does not change the time spent on feeding behaviors and rumination, or the frequencies of urination, defecation, cleaning other animals, self-cleaning, and social and abnormal types of behavior. The use of black shade netting of 80% light interception provides greater comfort to animals, promoting welfare and quality of life to them. Key words: Ambience. Behavior. Performance. Welfare. ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar a influência dos níveis de sombreamento artificial nas variáveis ambientais e nas respostas comportamentais de machos bovinos nelore em sistema intensivo de produção. O experimento foi realizado no confinamento experimental do curso de Zootecnia da Universidade Estadual de Goiás, no período de julho a outubro de 2014. Utilizaram-se 48 bovinos machos Nelore, com peso médio inicial de 310 kg, mantidos em baias duplas de 24m², sendo utilizados 24 baias, destas, seis a céu aberto, seis com sombrite preto com malha 30%, seis com malha 50% e seis com malha 80%, cobrindo seis m² de sombra por baia. Foi realizado duas vezes por semana avaliação de ITU e frequência respiratória e quinzenalmente a avaliação de comportamento, com duração de 12 horas, com início as 6:00h e término às 18:00h, observou-se o comportamento alimentar, ruminação, descanso, outras atividades, social, cuidados corporais, lúdico e anormal. Observou-se um aumento significativo nos valores de ITU e FR a medida que se reduzia os níveis de sombreamento. Também foi observado uma diferença significativa no tempo de comportamentos de descanso e em outras atividades, e na frequência do consumo de água e comportamento lúdico, com aumento significativo no tempo de descanso e frequência de comportamento lúdico, e redução de outras atividades e ingestão de ág...
The quality of meat is influenced by several aspects, among which post-vaccination abscesses and bruises stand out as primary factors for the condemnation of carcasses. However, economic losses resulting from improper handling practices can severely compromise the profitability of both the packing plant and the producer. The objective of this study was to estimate the frequency of occurrence of abscesses and bruises in carcasses of animals slaughtered in a packing plant and analyze the economic losses generated by them. The number of animals examined was determined according to the slaughter flow in the packing plant (10-20% of animals/day). Data pertaining to region and number of bruises, abscess location, weight of excised portions and distance from the municipalities of origin of the animals were collected and evaluated by descriptive statistical analysis. The occurrence of lesions was 78% trauma- and 45% abscess-derived. The presence of these lesions resulted in economic losses, representing a depreciation of BRL 2.99/animal in the profit obtained by the cattle farmer. A comparison between the “sex classes” and “bruising” factors revealed that the females had higher occurrence and distribution of bruises and abscesses than uncastrated and castrated males. Bruises were more frequent in the hindquarter region, regardless of the distance, while abscesses were restricted to the forequarter. The weight of discarded tissues was higher on farms less than 200 km away from the packing plant; however, these results were influenced by the number of animals evaluated in the group.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of artificial shading on weight gain and meat quality of male Nellore cattle in an intensive production system. The experiment was conducted in the experimental feedlot of the Course of Animal Science at Universidade Estadual de Goiás, from July to October 2014. Forty-eight male Nellore cattle with an average initial weight of 310 kg were kept in double 24-m 2 stalls, in a total of 24 stalls. Of these, six were in the open air; six were covered with black shade netting of 30% light interception; six with black shade netting 50%; and six with black shade netting 80%, providing 6 m 2 of shade per stall. The ration supplied to the animals and the orts left in the trough were weighed daily to determine intake, and the temperature-humidity index (THI) was measured twice weekly. Animals were weighed for the first time at the start of the experiment, and then another three times until the end, which was followed by the slaughter and assessments of performance and meat quality. A difference (p<0.05) was observed between the average THI values, with the highest value found in the stalls without artificial shading. No difference (p>0.05) was observed for feed intake, initial weight, final weight, total weight gain, average daily weight gain, carcass yield, marbling, texture, fatness, backfat thickness, loin-eye area, color, thigh length and circumference, leg length and circumference, or carcass length between the animals on the different treatments. The use of artificial shading does not have a significant effect on performance or meat quality of feedlot Nellore cattle when the ambient temperature is within the thermal comfort zone. Key words: Ambience. Carcass. Intensive system. Quality. ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar a influência do sombreamento artificial no ganho em peso e na qualidade da carne de machos bovinos Nelore em sistema intensivo de produção. O experimento foi realizado no confinamento experimental do curso de Zootecnia da Universidade Estadual de Goiás, no período de julho a outubro de 2014. Utilizaram-se 48 bovinos machos Nelore, com peso médio inicial de 310 kg, mantidos em baias duplas de 24m², sendo utilizados 24 baias, destas, seis a céu aberto, seis com sombrite preto com malha 30%, seis com malha 50% e seis com malha 80%, cobrindo seis m² de sombra por baia. Diariamente era realizada a pesagem da ração fornecida aos animais e das sobras da ração no cocho para determinação do consumo, e duas vezes por semana realizava-se a avaliação inicio do experimento foi realizado a pesagem inicial dos animais e outras três pesagem até o final do experimento, seguido do abate e avaliações de desempenho e qualidade da carne. Observou-se diferença (p<0,05) entre os valores médios de ITU, sendo o de maior índice as baias sem sombreamento artificial. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre o consumo de ração, peso inicial, peso final, ganho em peso total, ganho em peso médio diário, rendimento de carcaça, marmoreio, textura, acabamento, espessura de gordura su...
RESUMO. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar a relação existente entre a contagem celular somática (CCS) e os teores de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais do leite cru, proveniente de 160 vacas leiteiras Holandesas de uma Granja leiteira. Foram tabulados os dados da CCS e composição centesimal referente ao período de seis meses. A CCS foi determinada através de citometria de fluxo e a composição centesimal por meio da absorção diferencial de ondas infravermelhas. Para avaliar a influência da CCS, sobre os teores de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais, calculou-se o coeficiente de correlação linear. A concentração de proteína, lactose e sólidos totais foi inversamente correlacionada com a CCS.Palavras chave: Células somáticas, mastite subclínica, proteína, qualidade do leite Somatic cell count on milk constituentsABSTRACT. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between somatic cell counts (SCC) and the fat, protein, lactose and total solids from raw milk from 160 dairy cows. They were tabulated data from SCC and chemical composition for the period of six months. The SCC determined by flow cytometry and the percentage composition by differential absorption of infrared waves. To evaluate the influence of SCC on the fat, protein, lactose and total solids, it was calculated the correlation coefficient. The concentration of protein, lactose, and total solids inversely correlated with the SCC. Keywords: Milk quality, protein, somatic cells, subclinical mastitis IntroduçãoA mastite é uma reação inflamatória da glândula mamária às agressões microbiológicas, químicas, térmicas ou mecânicas e caracteriza-se por alterações físico-químicas e celulares do leite (Cunha et al., 2008). Além disso, ocorrem modificações patológicas do tecido glandular, sendo a doença infecciosa mais comum do gado leiteiro e que causa prejuízos, incluindo a redução da produção e qualidade do leite, o aumento dos custos com tratamentos e o descarte precoce das vacas com mastite crônica (Magalhães et al., 2006). A mastite pode se apresentar sob duas formas: a clínica e subclínica. Peres et al. (2014) relataram o impacto econômico da ocorrência de mastite no sistema de produção de leite e reuniram quatro fatores principais responsáveis pelos prejuízos: perdas de produção de leite devido à mastite subclínica; custos dos casos clínicos; custos de descarte e morte prematura; prejuízos da indústria por redução na qualidade e no rendimento industrial de derivados. Dessa forma, a determinação da ocorrência de mastite subclínica e do consequente prejuízo torna-se necessária para definir o impacto econômico da enfermidade (Langoni et al., 2015).A mastite subclínica pode ser detectada pela contagem de células somáticas (CCS). No entanto, outros fatores também podem interferir sobre a CCS, como época do ano, ambiente, número de dias em lactação e raça dos animais
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