No abstract

A adubação orgânica pode influenciar de forma positiva e significativa o desenvolvimento de gramíneas forrageiras. Dois experimentos foram instalados em vasos, em casa de vegetação, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de doses de esterco bovino no desenvolvimento dos capins Brachiaria brizantha (Syn. Uroclhoa brizantha) cv. Marandu e Panicun maximum cv. Mombaça. O delineamento utilizado para cada experimento foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Para o capim-marandu foram utilizados cinco tratamentos constituídos por quatro doses de esterco de bovino curtido: 0; 9; 18 e 27 Mg ha-1 (base seca) e mais um tratamento com adubação inorgânica (AI), na dose recomendada. O experimento com o capim-mombaça consistiu de seis tratamentos: 0, 4,5; 9; 18; 36 Mg ha-1 de esterco bovino e um tratamento com adubação inorgânica (AI). O aumento de doses de esterco proporcionou melhorias nas características produtivas das duas forrageiras estudadas. A máxima produtividade do capim-marandu foi obtida com a dose média de 24,3 Mg ha-1. Já o capim-mombaça respondeu até a dose máxima aplicada (36 Mg ha-1). A AI proporcionou resultados semelhantes às duas maiores doses de esterco aplicadas. O esterco bovino pode ser utilizado na adubação de forrageiras substituindo em partes a adubação inorgânica.

The aims of this study were: (a) to evaluate the resistance of coffee cultivars to Pseudomonas syringae (PS); (b) verify if there are coffee genotypes that present less wounds on the leaves; (c) to study the correlation between amount of wounds and PS severity. The field trial was installed in April 2014 at the IAPAR’s experimental station (Londrina, Paraná, Brazil). 18 Arabica coffee cultivars were evaluated. The cultivars Mundo Novo IAC 376-4 and Catuaí Vermelho IAC 81 were the susceptible controls and IPR 102 was the resistant control. After 32 months of planting the field trial, resistance to PS was evaluated in December 2016. The evaluation of the PS severity was carried out under conditions of natural infections of P. syringae pv. garcae and P. syringae pv. tabaci based on the symptoms, using a grading scale from 1 to 5. The number of wounds on the leaves of the eight cultivars were counted. The results showed that IPR 102 was resistant to Pseudomonas syringae, whereas IPR 99, Arara, IPR 107, Acauã, Sabiá, Catucaiam 24137, Japy and Catuaí Vermelho IAC 81 were susceptible. Mundo Novo and Catucaí Amarelo 2SL were more susceptible than Catuaí Vermelho. IPR 106, Japiam, Catiguá MG 2, Catiguá MG 1 and IBC Palma 2 showed moderate resistance, while IPR 103 and Catucaiam 2015479 were moderately susceptible. The cultivars IPR 102 and IPR 106 presented resistance to wounding because they had lower wounds than other cultivars. Increased leaf wounds was associated with increased P. syringae severity.

Twenty four strains of Ralstonia solanacearum belonging to races 1, 2 and 3 of biovars I, II and III, isolated from various hosts were investigated for their ability to cause disease on Strelitzia seedlings through artificial inoculation. Results revealed that, with one exception, only strains isolated from plants of Musa or Heliconia (classified as race 2) caused wilt symptoms on Strelitzia, indicating their pathogenic potential to that plant species. Seedlings of Strelitzia could be used as test plants for presumptive diagnosis for banana Moko disease. Key words: diagnosis, inoculation, moko, wilt symptoms. RESUMO Patogenicidade de estirpes brasileiras de Ralstonia solanacearum em mudas de Strelitzia reginaeVinte e quatro estirpes de Ralstonia solanacerum provenientes de vários hospedeiros foram avaliadas por meio de inoculação artificial para sua capacidade em causar doença em mudas de Strelitzia. Os resultados revelaram, com uma exceção, que apenas as estirpes isoladas de Musa ou Heliconia (classificadas na raça 2) causaram sintomas de murcha em Strelitzia, indicando seu potencial patogênico para essa espécie vegetal, ou pelo menos, que mudas de Strelitzia podem ser utilizadas como planta teste para o diagnóstico presuntivo da doença Moko da bananeira. Palavras-chave: diagnóstico, inoculação, Moko, murcha bacteriana.

No abstract

Common and fuscous blights of bean are diseases widely distributed in the world. The most commonly observed symptoms are spots on leaves, stems, pods and seeds. In December 2009, bean plants cv. Uirapuru showing symptoms of wilt similar to those induced by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens were observed in a commercial crop located in the county of Itararé, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The plants were at the last cycle stage with mature pods and these symptoms were noted in the majority of the growing area. Optical microscopic observations of discolored vascular tissue from diseased stems revealed the presence of bacterial masses oozed from infected tissue, indicating that the disease was caused by bacterial pathogen. Isolations on nutrient agar showed circular, convex, yellow colonies with smooth edges. The causal bacterium was Gramnegative and produced a dark brown pigment in culture medium. Biochemical, cultural and physiological tests confirmed its identity as Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans(syn. Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli“var. fuscans"). The pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed by artificial inoculations. Systemic infection has been reported in the literature but these kinds of symptoms are not currently observed in Brazilian fields. Bacterial strains were deposited on the Phytobacteria Culture Collection of Instituto Biológico (IBSBF - www.biologico.sp.gov.br/bacterias/php) under accession numbers 2813 and 3028.

The quality of meat is influenced by several aspects, among which post-vaccination abscesses and bruises stand out as primary factors for the condemnation of carcasses. However, economic losses resulting from improper handling practices can severely compromise the profitability of both the packing plant and the producer. The objective of this study was to estimate the frequency of occurrence of abscesses and bruises in carcasses of animals slaughtered in a packing plant and analyze the economic losses generated by them. The number of animals examined was determined according to the slaughter flow in the packing plant (10-20% of animals/day). Data pertaining to region and number of bruises, abscess location, weight of excised portions and distance from the municipalities of origin of the animals were collected and evaluated by descriptive statistical analysis. The occurrence of lesions was 78% trauma- and 45% abscess-derived. The presence of these lesions resulted in economic losses, representing a depreciation of BRL 2.99/animal in the profit obtained by the cattle farmer. A comparison between the “sex classes” and “bruising” factors revealed that the females had higher occurrence and distribution of bruises and abscesses than uncastrated and castrated males. Bruises were more frequent in the hindquarter region, regardless of the distance, while abscesses were restricted to the forequarter. The weight of discarded tissues was higher on farms less than 200 km away from the packing plant; however, these results were influenced by the number of animals evaluated in the group.

Understanding perception about nature is paramount to understanding human behavior and decision making on the environment. We performed a survey-based study in Brazil and Poland to better understand the perception of land sparing for nature and the perceived value of nature. The countries were selected by intentional sampling and given their importance for local and global biodiversity conservation, and complex socio-ecological context of conservation versus agroforestry business. We performed an online questionnaire (N = 1030) in Brazil and face-to-face interviews in Poland (N = 322). We found that Brazilian respondents demonstrated more pro-environmental attitudes than Polish survey participants. Regarding the question: “How much nature that is left should be spared?”, nearly 51% of Brazilians answered “everything”, compared with 13% of Polish respondents. Just under half of the respondents from Poland (45.6%) indicated that half of the nature that is left should be spared. Brazilian respondents also perceived the intrinsic value of nature to a greater extent compared with Polish respondents; in total, 76% of Brazilians respondents entirely agreed that “Nature, its plants and animals have a value on their own, independent of their usefulness for us” versus 25% of Polish respondents. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the leverage points driving pro-environmental attitudes in both countries.