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PurposeThe purpose of this scoping review was to summarise the general results of the Chilean Food Law implementation to help to understand how this policy has changed consumer's behaviour.Design/methodology/approachPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines were followed. Five databases were searched for studies published from January 2015 to February 2020 evaluating the Chilean population's perception, behaviour and purchasing habits of processed foods.FindingsThe results showed that consumers support the implementation of a front-of-package warning label (FOPWL) and thought it a good strategy to help make healthier food choices for themselves. However, even with a positive perception about these products, the intention-to-change the purchase of unhealthy food occurred only for sugar-sweetened beverages. Meanwhile, children did not stop eating foods that had a FOPWL, although the mothers' perception was that the presence of FOPWLs could be important to differentiate unhealthy from healthy products. The availability of products with FOPWLs at schools decreased, indicating that the law was being complied with and that the child-directed marketing strategy showed a reduction after the first phase of implementation.Practical implicationsThis evidence will guide other countries about in understanding and improving this policy.Originality/valueThis is the first study to gather research available in international databases that evaluated the results of the Chilean Law on the advertising of children's food and the perception, purchase intention, reformulation of products and consumption behaviour of the Chilean population.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) is one of the most important legumes produced in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world, especially in the developing countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. It is the main source of protein, calories, dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins for a large segment of the world population. Cowpea is also a potential functional food with a range of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds. This legume is grown mainly in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, but is also consumed in other regions, and is thus important for the farmers who depend on this crop for income. This study identified and quantified phenolic compounds in the cowpea cultivar BRS Xiquexique. Such quantification reveals the functional characteristics of cowpeas, mainly as a source of antioxidants, which will be essential to add value to this food and to expand its forms of consumption. The extracts were analyzed using an HPLC model LC-20AT, equipped with a manual injector. For the HPLC analysis, standard solutions were prepared with pure phenolic acids such as gallic acid, quercetin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, and epicatechin. The major phenolic compounds identified were catechin (2.07± 0.329 mg 100 g-1), epicatechin (0.48 ± 0.130 mg 100 g-1), gallic acid (67.19 ± 6.200 mg 100 g-1), ferulic acid (32.07 ± 0.753 mg 100 g-1), and chlorogenic acid (3.08 ± 0.489 mg 100 g-1). We observed that the BRS Xiquexique cultivar contains functional phenolic compounds, especially gallic acid and ferulic acid, demonstrating the antioxidant potential of cowpea.

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Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a plant from the Amazon region with cultural importance. Despite its early ancestral use by indigenous tribes, the first reports regarding the benefits of guarana consumption for human health were published in the 19th century. Since then, the use of guarana seed in powder and extract forms has been studied for its diverse effects on human health, such as stimulating, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, hypocholesterolemic, and antiobesity effects. These effects are attributed to the high content of bioactive compounds found in guarana seeds, especially methylxanthines and flavonoids. In fact, the Brazilian Food Supplement Law has officially acknowledged guarana as a source of bioactive compounds. The number and diversity of studies focused on guarana and human health are increasing; thus, organizing and describing the available evidence on guarana and its applications is necessary to provide a framework for future studies. In this narrative review, we have organized the available information regarding guarana and its potential effects on human health. Guarana produces unique fruits with great potential for human health applications. However, the available evidence lacks human studies and mechanistic investigations. Future studies should be designed considering its applicability to human health, including intake levels and toxicity studies.

A high daily intake of fruits and vegetables is an important strategy to promote health. The mechanism explaining the health benefits of plant food materials is attributed, at least in part, to their high content of bioactive phenolics. Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a typical product from Amazon biota and, mainly as a source of caffeine; its seeds are commonly used as stimulants. However, guarana seeds are also rich in catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin B2. Guarana exhibits potential health benefits in cognitive function and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, it is a promising source of antihyperglycemic and antibacterial compounds for prevention and/or management of type 2 diabetes and oral diseases. However, to confirm these benefits in humans, clinical trials are needed to provide evidence for these anecdotal observations.

SILVA CP. Efeito da adição de farinha de jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart.) na resposta glicêmica de pães. [Dissertação de mestrado]. São Paulo: Faculdade de Saúde Pública; 2013. Resumo Introdução: O grupo das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) compreende as doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes, obesidade, câncer e doenças respiratórias crônicas. Estudos mostram que a proporção de mortes por estas doenças vem aumentando e demandam por assistência continuada de serviços e ônus progressivo, na razão direta do envelhecimento da população. A dieta é uma importante ferramenta para prevenção e controle das DCNT. Estudos sobre o índice glicêmico (IG) dos alimentos são de grande relevância, já que estão relacionados com possíveis efeitos fisiológicos e terapêuticos de dietas com baixo IG, tanto para pessoas saudáveis, como para as portadoras de DCNT como, por exemplo, obesidade e diabetes. O jatobá-do-cerrado, também conhecido como jataí ou jutaí (Hymenaea stignocarpa Mart.), pertencente à família Leguminosae e subfamília Caesalpinoideae, é uma leguminosa arbórea de ocorrência no cerrado brasileiro pouco explorado e com grande potencial de utilização devido a sua composição química. O alto conteúdo de fibra alimentar do jatobá indica o potencial de sua utilização como ingrediente, para redução da resposta glicêmica de produtos alimentícios. Objetivos: Verificar o efeito da adição de farinha de jatobá-docerrado na resposta glicêmica de pães. Metodologia: A partir da formulação de um pão branco padrão, foram desenvolvidas três formulações utilizando a farinha de jatobá-do-cerrado, substituindo-se a farinha de trigo em proporções de 10, 20 e 30 %. Os produtos desenvolvidos foram caracterizados quanto à composição centesimal, IG e carga glicêmica (CG). Também foi avaliada a aceitabilidade sensorial dos pães de jatobá por meio da escala hedônica de nove pontos. Resultados: A adição da farinha de jatobá alterou a composição dos pães, com destaque para o aumento nos teores de fibras. Foi observada uma redução no IG e na CG dos pães de jatobá, podendo classificá-los como alimentos de baixo IG (53), para o pão com 20 % de farinha de jatobá e moderado IG (62 e 56), para os pães com 10 e 30% de farinha de jatobá respectivamente. Quanto a CG todos os tratamentos podem ser classificados como alimentos de carga glicêmica moderada. Quanto à aceitabilidade, os tratamentos 10 e 20 % não diferiram entre si segundo os atributos: aroma, textura, sabor e avaliação global obtendo os melhores escores entre 6 (gostei levemente) e 7 (gostei moderadamente). O pão com 30% de farinha de jatobá apresentou menores escores, em torno de 5 (não gostei, nem desgostei). Conclusão: A adição da farinha de jatobá proporcionou a obtenção de produtos com reduzido IG e carga glicêmica moderada, rico em fibras, e aceitos sensorialmente, confirmando seu potencial como ingrediente no enriquecimento de formulações que utilizem farinhas, como pães, tornando-se uma opção para introdução na dieta tanto de indivíduos saudáveis quanto os portadores de...

A high daily intake of fruits and vegetables is an important strategy to promote health. The mechanism explaining the health benefits of plant food materials is attributed, at least in part, to their high content of bioactive phenolics. Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a typical product from Amazon biota and, mainly as a source of caffeine; its seeds are commonly used as stimulants. However, guarana seeds are also rich in catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin B2. Guarana exhibits potential health benefits in cognitive function and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, it is a promising source of antihyperglycemic and antibacterial compounds for prevention and/or management of type 2 diabetes and oral diseases. However, to confirm these benefits in humans, clinical trials are needed to provide evidence to support these anecdotal observations.