View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 7 View citing articles Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Premna integrifolia (L.) rich in polyphenols and evaluation of their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity

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To date, there are no antimicrobial agents available in the market that have absolute control over the growing threat of bacterial strains. The increase in the production capacity of antibiotics and the growing antibacterial resistance of bacteria have majorly affected a variety of businesses and public health. Bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with two separate metals have been found to have stronger antibacterial potential than their monometallic versions. This enhanced antibacterial efficiency of bimetallic nanoparticles is due to the synergistic effect of their participating monometallic counterparts. To distinguish between bacteria and mammals, the existence of diverse metal transport systems and metalloproteins is necessary for the use of bimetallic Au–Ag NPs, just like any other metal NPs. Due to their very low toxicity toward human cells, these bimetallic NPs, particularly gold–silver NPs, might prove to be an effective weapon in the arsenal to beat emerging drug-resistant bacteria. The cellular mechanism of bimetallic nanoparticles for antibacterial activity consists of cell membrane degradation, disturbance in homeostasis, oxidative stress, and the production of reactive oxygen species. The synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles can be performed by a bottom-up and top-down strategy. The bottom-up technique generally includes sol-gel, chemical vapor deposition, green synthesis, and co-precipitation methods, whereas the top-down technique includes the laser ablation method. This review highlights the key prospects of the cellular mechanism, synthesis process, and antibacterial capabilities against a wide range of bacteria. Additionally, we also discussed the role of Au–Ag NPs in the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infection and wound healing.

Objective: Wrightia tinctoria commonly known as "Mitha indrajao" (family Apocynaceae) has reported to have wound healing, immunomodulatory, anti-infl ammatory, anti-oxidant, and anabolic effects. This study was aimed to explore anti-anemic activity of W. tinctoria focusing fl avonoids as anti-oxidant phyto-constituents. Materials and Methods: Flavonoid fraction of W. tinctoria bark methanolic extract (FWT) was separated, quantitative polyphenol estimation, and qualitative identifi cation was performed. LD 50 was determined according to the guidelines of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Phenyl hydrazine (PHZ, 40 mg/kg, i.p.) and butadione (100 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to induce anemia in albino mice. Hemoglobin (Hb), total red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), packed cell volume (PCV), iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin were measured. Results: FWT showed presence of quercetin and ferulic acid on thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) confi rmed by matching Rf. FWT 60 days treatment resulted in signifi cant rise in RBC, WBC (P < 0.05), along with Hb and PCV (P < 0.001). FWT treatment showed signifi cant decrease in MCV, iron and TIBC, and increase in MCHC and ferritin (P < 0.001) level. FWT showed signifi cant rise in RBC, Hb, and PCV and decrease in serum iron and ferritin level signifi cantly (P < 0.001) signifying potent anti-anemic activity against butadione. FWT treatment on PHZ and butadione induced anemic rat showed slightly hypochromic RBCs with very few irregularly-shaped cells. Conclusion: The fl avonoid fraction of W. tinctoria bark methanolic extract showed good anti-anemic and hematopoietic activity with rich presence of fl avonoid and polyphenolic compounds.

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