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This study demonstrates a dose-dependent response of Trichoderma harzianum Th-56 in improving drought tolerance in rice by modulating proline, SOD, lipid peroxidation product and DHN / AQU transcript level, and the growth attributes. In the present study, the effect of colonization of different doses of T. harzianum Th-56 strain in rice genotypes were evaluated under drought stress. The rice genotypes treated with increasing dose of T. harzianum strain Th-56 showed better drought tolerance as compared with untreated control plant. There was significant change in malondialdehyde, proline, higher superoxide dismutase level, plant height, total dry matter, relative chlorophyll content, leaf rolling, leaf tip burn, and the number of scorched/senesced leaves in T. harzianum Th-56 treated rice genotypes under drought stress. This was corroborated with altered expression of aquaporin and dehydrin genes in T. harzianum Th-56 treated rice genotypes. The present findings suggest that a dose of 30 g/L was the most effective in improving drought tolerance in rice, and its potential exploitation will contribute to the advancement of rice genotypes to sustain crop productivity under drought stress. Interaction studies of T. harzianum with three aromatic rice genotypes suggested that PSD-17 was highly benefitted from T. harzianum colonization under drought stress.

Inflammation and immunosuppression can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ failure, and sepsis, all of which are lethal posttraumatic complications in trauma patients. Prevention of the inflammation and immunosuppression has been a main focus of trauma researcher for many years. Recently, hypertonic resuscitation has attracted attention as a possible therapeutic approach to counteract such deleterious immune responses in trauma patients. We have begun to understand how hypertonic fluids affect immune cell signaling, and a number of experimental and clinical studies have started to reveal valuable information on the clinical efficacy and the limitations of hypertonic resuscitation fluids. Knowledge of how osmotic cues regulate immune cell function will enable us to fully exploit the clinical potential of hypertonic resuscitation to reduce inflammatory and anergic complications in trauma patients.