BackgroundBrazil is currently experiencing a nutrition transition: the displacement of traditional diets with foods high in saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol and an increase in sedentary lifestyles. Despite these trends, our understanding of child obesity in Brazil is limited. Thus, the aims of this study were (1) to investigate the current prevalence of overweight and obesity in a large sample of children and adolescents living in São Paulo, Brazil, and (2) to identify the lifestyle behaviors associated with an increased risk of obesity in young Brazilians.MethodsA total of 3,397 children and adolescents (1,596 male) aged 7-18 years were randomly selected from 22 schools in São Paulo, Brazil. Participants were classified as normal weight, overweight, or obese based on international age- and sex-specific body mass index thresholds. Selected sociodemographic, physical activity, and nutrition behaviors were assessed via questionnaire.ResultsOverall, 19.4% of boys and 16.1% of girls were overweight while 8.9% and 4.3% were obese. Two-way analysis of variance revealed that the prevalence of overweight and obesity was significantly higher in boys and in younger children when compared to girls and older children, respectively (P < 0.05 for both). Logistic regression analysis revealed that overweight was associated with more computer usage, parental encouragement to be active, and light soft drink consumption after controlling for differences in sex, age, and parental education (P < 0.05 for all). Conversely, overweight was associated with less active transport to school, eating before sleep, and consumption of breakfast, full-sugar soft drinks, fried food and confectionery (P < 0.05 for all).ConclusionsOur results show that obesity in São Paulo children and adolescents has reached a level equivalent to that seen in many developed countries. We have also identified three key modifiable factors related to obesity that may be appropriate targets for future intervention in Brazilian youth: transport mode to school, computer usage, and breakfast consumption.

Junior, IF. Combined training (aerobic plus strength) potentiates a reduction in body fat but demonstrates no difference on the lipid profile in postmenopausal women when compared with aerobic training with a similar training load. J Strength Cond Res 30(1): 226-234, 2016-The aim of this study was to verify the effects of aerobic and combined training on the body composition and lipid profile of obese postmenopausal women and to analyze which of these models is more effective after equalizing the training load. Sixty-five postmenopausal women (age = 61.0 6 6.3 years) were divided into 3 groups: aerobic training (AT, n = 15), combined training (CT [strength + aerobic], n = 32), and control group (CG, n = 18). Their body composition upper body fat (TF), fat mass (FM), percentage of FM, and fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The lipid profile, total cholesterol, highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were assessed. There was a statistically significant difference in the TF (AT = 24.4%, CT = 24.4%, and CG = 1.0%, p = 0.001) and FFM (AT = 1.7%, CT = 2.6%, and CG = 21.4%, p = 0.0001) between the experimental and the control groups. Regarding the percentage of body fat, there was a statistically significant difference only between the CT and CG groups (AT = 22.8%, CT = 23.9%, and CG = 0.31%; p = 0.004). When training loads were equalized, the aerobic and combined training decreased core fat and increased FFM, but only the combined training potentiated a reduction in percentage of body fat in obese postmenopausal women after the training program. High-density lipoprotein-c levels increased in the combined group, and the chol/HDL ratio (atherogenic index) decreased in the aerobic group; however, there were no significant differences between the intervention programs. Taken together, both the exercise training programs were effective for improving body composition and inducing an antiatherogenic status.

ResumoObjetivo: Analisar a relação e o desempenho da impedância bioelétrica na indicação do excesso de gordura visceral e sobrepeso/ obesidade em jovens brasileiros. Métodos:A amostra foi composta por 811 jovens de ambos os sexos (de 11 a 17 anos). A identificação do estado nutricional foi baseada no valor da dobra cutânea tricipital e gordura relativa (impedância bioelétrica) e no excesso de gordura visceral no valor da circunferência de cintura. A análise estatística utilizou valores médios, desvios padrão, correlação linear, teste t de Student e curva ROC.Resultados: Em ambos os gêneros, impedância bioelétrica apresentou bom desempenho na identificação do simultâneo excesso de gordura visceral e sobrepeso/obesidade, sendo mais específica (masculino = 92,4%; feminino = 93,8%) do que sensível (masculino = 86,1%; feminino = 71,8%). Conclusão:Em conclusão, os achados oferecem suporte para o uso da impedância bioelétrica na identificação do excesso de gordura visceral e subcutânea em adolescentes. Results: Bioelectrical impedance achieved good performance in identifying excess visceral fat associated with overweight/obesity in both genders, and was found to be more specific (male 92.4% and female 93.8%) than sensitive (male 86.1% and female 71.8%). Conclusion:Our findings support the use of bioelectrical impedance to identify the presence of excess visceral and subcutaneous fat in adolescents.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007;83(6):529-534: Abdominal circumference, nutritional status, obesity, adolescents, bioelectrical impedance. IntroduçãoAo longo das últimas 3 décadas, a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade tem aumentado de forma alarmante em todo o mundo O Brasil segue esta tendência mundial e já apresenta uma alta prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em sua população jovem 1,6 . Nesse sentido, no que se refere à obesidade, uma especial atenção precisa ser creditada à identificação e tratamento da obesidade infantil, uma vez que ela tende a se manter até a fase adulta 7 . Sendo assim, em função da importância

Postmenopausal women with a combination of hypertriacylglycerolaemia, a high level of abdominal fat and a sedentary lifestyle are more likely to have metabolic disturbances.

A duration of 16 weeks of aerobic or CT improved total and appendicular body composition and metabolic profile but after 6 months of detraining, leg lean mass returned to the values obtained pre-training in CT.

Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is defined as a group of risk factors related to insulin resistance and its highest prevalence is found in obese individuals. The first observations concerning MS occurred in the 1920s, contributing to a surge of new associations between hyperglycemia and obesity. As of 1979, there was a greater understanding of one of its components: insulin resistance. The prevalence of MS varies according to the diagnostic criterion used, mainly for children and adolescents among which its prevalence has increased considerably. The principle criteria used in diagnosing the pediatric population are the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), National Cholesterol Education Program and Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III), World Health Organization (WHO) and I Prevention Directive against Atherosclerosis in Infancy and Adolescence, and due to their differences, the prevalence of the syndrome varies according to the diagnostic criterion used. Nevertheless, many points should be taken into consideration in choosing a criterion, such as sample size, age, applicability, risk factors to be considered and available resources. In this context, efficiency and applicability are advantages in distinct criteria.

menopausal women aged 50 years or more who spent more minutes in moderate and vigorous activity and higher total physical activity counts showed lower fat mass and higher lean mass.

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