Agroforestry has been practiced for decades and is undoubtedly an important source of income for Indonesian households living near forests. However, there are still many cases of poverty among farmers due to a lack of ability to adopt advanced technology. This literature review aims to identify the characteristics and factors causing the occurrence of agricultural subsistence and analyze its implications for the level of farmer welfare and the regional forestry industry. The literature analysis conducted reveals that small land tenure, low literacy rates, and lack of forest maintenance are the main causes of the subsistence of small agroforestry farmers. Another reason is that subsistence-oriented agroforestry practices are considered a strong form of smallholder resilience. All of these limitations have implications for low land productivity and high-sawn timber waste from community forests. To reduce the subsistence level of farmers, government intervention is needed, especially in providing managerial assistance packages, capital assistance, and the marketing of forest products. Various agroforestry technologies are available but have not been implemented consistently by farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an integrated collaboration between researchers, farmers, and regionally owned enterprises (BUMD) to increase access to technology and markets. Although it is still difficult to realize, forest services, such as upstream–downstream compensation and carbon capture, have the potential to increase farmer income.

Community forests is not merely producing timbers, but also non timber forest products (NTFPs)

Labor for private forest business has not been considered as an important production factor, which it makes the incomes from the private forests is unfavourable. The Kalijaya, Rp 8.029.358, dan Rp 6.302.431,

Achmad B, Diniyati D. 2018. The income structure of smallholder forest farmers in rural Sumbawa, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 936-946. This research investigated the economic well-being of forest farmers in Labuhan Badas Village, Sumbawa regency of Indonesia. It aimed: (i) to describe the daily economic activities of community-based forest (HKm) farmers who reside inside the state forest and of farmers in privately owned forest (POF) who reside outside the state forest areas; and (ii) to analyse their income structure in relation to the corresponding economic activities. The research was conducted from August 2015 to April 2016. The survey sample consisted of 34 HKm and 34 POF farmers who were selected purposively. Data collected through interview and focus group discussion techniques were analyzed descriptively. The research determined that the incomes of HKm farmers were generated from14 sources, mainly from activities in the non-agricultural sector, while those for POF farmers were generated from 12 sources mainly from activities in the agricultural sector. The total income of HKm farmers was significantly lower than the income of POF farmers and indicated a moderate level of economic disadvantage. The economic welfare of farmers in both research locations has been assessed to be below an adequate level. Therefore various economic innovations such as the cultivation of honey bees and the processing of unused potential resources (e.g. making wine from cashew fruit) are needed to accelerate the attainment of a decent level of economic well-being

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Limited agricultural land areas combined with increasing demands for food require breakthroughs in land use development using agroforestry systems. Intercropping root crops with trees could be an alternative for food production in forest areas. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) farming on dry land within 12- and 42-year-old teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) forests to support local food security. The feasibility assessment took into account both productivity and socio-economic aspects. The agroforestry land productivity was measured using the land equivalent ratio (LER), and our analysis of the cocoyam farming within the teak stands was carried out using the revenue/cost ratio (R/C) at the demonstration plot scale. Furthermore, we also surveyed farmers’ perceptions of the production of cocoyam for food security. The results showed that the R/C values of cocoyam tuber production in agroforestry systems were lower than 1. However, the production rates of cocoyam tubers in the 12-year-old teak stand (48.3% light intensity) and the 42-year-old teak stand (62.5% light intensity) were 2.64 and 2.76 tons/ha, respectively. The overall yields from the teak and cocoyam agroforestry systems were more profitable than those of the monoculture system, as indicated by the LER values of 1.61 and 1.85. Cocoyam production was socially acceptable (77% of respondents) as a smallholder subsistence agroforestry practice to meet food demand. Increasing cocoyam productivity in teak forests requires the adoption of agroforestry silvicultural technology to achieve food security for rural communities. To increase their farming production and income, farmers could apply intensive silvicultural practices. Governmental support that could be provided includes encouraging product diversification and providing assistance for the processing and marketing of cocoyam products.

The research aims to identify socio-economic conditions of the farmers influencing private forest development and to identify factors improving their socio-economic condition. The research was conducted on May to July 2010 in Ciomas, Kalijaya and Kertaharja Villages of Ciamis District. Data were collected by interviewing sixty selected respondents and also analysed using descriptive qualitative namely age, education, family size, resident stay, total income and land size. The result showed that farmer were dominated by moderate and old ages with education level of equivalent to the first and second grades of junior high school. Farmers incomes in Kalijaya and Kertaharja were mostly from the forests, while in Ciomas was from service sectors. Their incomes in Ciomas were unequally distributed, while in Kalijaya and Kertaharja were moderates equality distributed. Education level inproved significantly economic conditions in Ciomas while the improved factors in Kertaharja and Kalijaya were education level and family size. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi sosial ekonomi petani yang mempengaruhi perkembangan hutan rakyat dan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang dapat meningkatkan kondisi sosial ekonomi petani. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei sampai dengan Juli 2010 di Desa Ciomas, Kalijaya dan Kertaharja, Kabupaten Ciamis. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik wawancara terhadap enam puluh responden yang dipilih secara sengaja, kemudian ditabulasikan dan dianalisa secara diskriptif kualitatif. Faktor yang mempengaruhi sosial ekonomi petani terdiri atas umu, pendidikan, ukuran keluarga, status kependudukan, penghasilan dan kepemilikan lahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa umur petani didominasi oleh umur produktif menengah dan tua (40 sampai dengan 59 tahun) dengan tingkat pendidikan setara kelas 1 sampai dengan 2 SMP. Pendapatan petani di Desa Kalijaya dan Desa Kertaharja mayoritas berasal dari usaha hutan rakyat, sementara itu pendapatan petani di Desa Ciomas mayoritas berasal dari sektor jasa. Pendapatan petani di Ciomas menyebar tidak merata, sedangkan di Kalijaya dan Kertaharja terdistribusi cukup merata. Faktor-faktor yang secara nyata mempengaruhi peningkatan kondisi sosial ekonomi petani di Ciomas adalah tingkat pendidikan, sedangkan di Kertaharja dan Kalijaya adalah tingkat pendidikan dan jumlah anggota keluarga.Kata kunci: Hutan rakyat, kondisi sosial ekonomi, petani, sebaran pendapatan.