Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) application in combination with other antagonist microbes as biopesticide have been considered in many crops. Our research was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of these useful combinations with the carrying agent for growth promotion, thus lowering white rust incidence in chrysanthemum production. The experiment was carried out at three cooperative farmer sites located in Cipanas, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia from January to December 2016. The production process was arranged in a paired treatment; a combination of PGPR and antagonist fungi (without supplemental chemical fertilizers and fungicide), furtherly called biofungicide and common farmer practices. The results showed that the application of biofungicide promoted equal plant growth quality as common practices. White rust incidency was lower at biofungicide treatment sites, thus increased the markertable flowers quantity. The production cost was considered more efficient in biofungicide sites, due to cheaper price of biofungicide than chemical fertilizers and fungicide. The increase of marketable stalks and cost efficiency led to an increase of net income of biofungicide based production as also viewed from higher Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C) than common farmer practices.

No abstract

<p>Consumer demands on safe agricultural products have made the shifting of the production system to be more environmental friendly. An attempt to reduce or totally substitute chemical fertilizers and pesticides on agricultural production process was through the utilization of potential microbes. The purpose of the study was to provide information on potential microbial species that can be used as active ingredients of biofertilizers and biopesticides. The mechanisms of action have been studied, both directly and indirectly, in protecting the plant from pest and disease attacks. Several of these microbes also functioned as decomposer that might improve soil characteristic and nutrient availability for the crops. The Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development for has released formulated biopesticides and bio fertilizers with the active ingredients isolated from agricultural production centers. The application of these biopesticides and biofertilizers have been effectively controlled important diseases in horticultural crops, i.e. Bio Nutri-V could suppress white rust disease (Puccinia horina Henn) 32.15% in chrysanthemum and increased 25% and 34% harvestable products in chrysanthemum and potato, respectively, compared with synthetic fungicide. The utilization of biopesticides and biofertilizers is expected to improve the competitiveness of national agricultural commodities by utilizing natural resources to support highly competitive and sustainable agricultural industries.</p><p>Keywords: Microbes, biofertilizer, biopesticide, vegetable, ornamentals, horticulture.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Tuntutan konsumen terhadap keamanan produk pertanian menuntut pula perlunya proses produksi dilakukan secara ramah lingkungan. Salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi atau mensubstitusi penggunaan pupuk dan pestisida kimia sintetik ialah memanfaatkan mikroba. Makalah ini membahas spesies mikroba yang berpotensi dan dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan aktif pupuk dan pestisida hayati. Berbagai spesies mikroba dari kelompok cendawan dan bakteri telah berhasil diisolasi dan dievaluasi keefektifannya sebagai bahan aktif pupuk dan pestisida hayati yang efektif. Mikroba pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman dengan mekanisme langsung maupun tidak langsung mampu menginduksi pertumbuhan tanaman dan beberapa mikroba juga berfungsi sebagai dekomposer, sehingga membantu penyediaan unsur hara bagi tanaman. Badan Litbang Pertanian telah menghasilkan beberapa formulasi pupuk hayati dan biopestisida dengan bahan aktif mikrobe yang diisolasi dari sentra produksi pertanian. Aplikasi pupuk dan pestisida hayati tersebut efektif mengendalikan penyakit penting tanaman hias, seperti Bio Nutri- V dapat menekan perkembangan penyakit karat putih (Puccinia horina Henn) pada krisan 32,2% dan mempertahankan hasil panen kentang dan krisan masing-masing 25% dan 34% dibandingkan dengan aplikasi fungisida kimia sintetik. Pengembangan pupuk dan pestisida hayati yang dihasilkan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan daya saing komoditas pertanian melalui sistem produksi ramah lingkungan dengan memanfaatkan sumber daya alam secara optimal guna mendukung industri pertanian berdaya saing dan berkelanjutan.</p><p>Kata kunci: Mikroba, pupuk hayati, biopestisida, sayuran, tanaman hias, hortikultura.</p>

Gladiol (Gladiolus hybridus L.) merupakan komoditas tanaman hias yang mempunyai prospek pengembangan yang cukup cerah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri maupun ekspor. Salah satu penyakit utama yang menyerang tanaman tersebut ialah layu yang disebabkan oleh Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli. Di Indonesia, kehilangan  hasil akibat serangan patogen tersebut hampir mencapai 100%. Tujuan penelitian ialah mengendalikan F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli serta mendorong pertumbuhan tunas subang gladiol melalui  pengasapan dan aplikasi biopestisida. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Rumah Kaca Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias Segunung (1.100 m dpl.) dari bulan Januari sampai Desember 2009. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan  sembilan perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa  pengasapan dari hasil pembakaran tempurung kelapa yang ditambah dengan Prima BAPF dapat merangsang pertumbuhan tunas pada subang gladiol, tetapi tidak mampu menekan jumlah subang terinfeksi dan intensitas penyakit busuk Fusarium di gudang penyimpanan. Untuk percobaan yang dilakukan di lapangan, perlakuan gabungan antara pengasapan dari hasil pembakaran tempurung kelapa yang ditambah dengan belerang dan Prima BAPF merupakan perlakuan terbaik untuk mengendalikan penyakit layu Fusarium. Aplikasi perlakuan tersebut  menurunkan jumlah tanaman layu, menurunkan nilai AUDPC  perlakuan, dan dapat meningkatkan produksi  bunga gladiol. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat diadopsi oleh petani guna mengendalikan F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli secara luas.<br /><br /><br />Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L) is one of the most economically important cut flowers in Indonesia.  The crops is commonly cultivated in the highland. Cultivations of the crops in the production centers have faced various problems especially wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum  f. sp. gladioli  as the most important one. Based on the field observations, it was known that the disease can reduce plant production and its yield quality up to 100%. The experiment was aimed to determine the effect of fumigation by using smoke produced by burned up coconut shell and biopesticide  on gladioulus bud growth and fusarial wilt  incidence. The expereiment was carried out at the Laboratory, Glasshouse and the field of Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (1,100 m asl.)  since January to December 2009.  A randomized block design with nine treatments and three replications was used.  The results  indicated that fumigation by using smoke of  burned up coconut shell combined with biopesticide Prima BAPF stimulated gladiolus bud growth, but did not suppress infection of the bulb and fusarial disease intensity at the storage.  Base on the field trial, fumigation by smoke of burned up coconut shell combined with sulphur and Prima BAPF was proven to be the best treatment. Application of the treatment significantly reduced disease intensity, AUDPC value, and increased flower production. This research result is expected to be adopted by farmers in order to widely control the F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli.<br /><br />

Anyelir (Dianthus caryophillus  L.) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman hias yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi. Penyakit utama yang menyerang tanaman ini ialah layu Fusarium yang disebabkan oleh Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi dapat menurunkan kualitas dan kuantitas produksi tanaman sekitar 20-60%.  Pengendalian yang selama ini dilakukan oleh petani bertumpu pada penggunaan  pestisida kimia sintetik. Namun penggunaan bahan kimia tersebut tidak mampu mengeradikasi patogen secara sempurna, terutama pada lapisan tanah yang agak dalam. Salah satu cara pengendalian berwawasan lingkungan ialah menggunakan musuh alami.  Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium dan Rumah Kaca Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias (1.100 m dpl.), sejak Mei sampai Desember 2009. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh Bacillus subtilis dan Pseudomonas  fluorescens yang diformulasi dalam bentuk biopestisida organik cair dalam pengendalian layu Fusarium pada tanaman anyelir. Rancangan yang digunakan ialah acak  kelompok dengan 10 perlakuan, yaitu 10% ekstrak kascing + 10% molase + B. subtilils + P. fluarescens (BP) dan 10% ekstrak pupuk kandang kuda + 10% molase + BP masing-masing konsentrasi 0,1, 0,3, 0,5, dan 0,7%, dazomet 0,2%, serta kontrol (air ledeng), dengan empat ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa populasi bakteri antagonis setelah dilakukan proses fermentasi selama 3 minggu,  meningkat dibandingkan sebelum fermentasi.  Rerata populasi awal sebelum fermentasi bakteri antagonis  107-109 cfu/ml meningkat menjadi 1010-1012 cfu/ml pada 3 minggu setelah fermentasi. Populasi kedua agens biokontrol tersebut setelah penyimpanan selama 2 bulan cenderung stabil berkisar antara 1010-1011 cfu/ml.  Perlakuan B. subtilis dan P. fluorescens  yang disuspensikan ke dalam ekstrak kascing + molase pada taraf konsentrasi 0,5% kemudian difermentasikan dalam biofermentor selama 3 minggu secara konsisten dapat menekan serangan F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi pada anyelir. Implikasi hasil penelitian ini dapat meningkatkan daya saing komoditas tanaman hias melalui pemanfaatan sumber daya alam nasional secara optimal berkelanjutan untuk mendukung industri tanaman hias yang berdaya saing tinggi.<br /><br />Carnation (Dianthus caryophillus  L.) is one of the most economically important cut flowers in Indonesia. The crops is commonly cultivated in the highland areas of the country. Cultivations of the crops in the production center areas have faced various problems, especially wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum  f. sp. dianthi as the most important one. Based on the field observation it is known that the disease could reduce plant production and its yield quality up to 20-60%. To control the disease, farmers usually use a synthetic chemical pesticides.  However the control measures are not sufficiently effective to overcome the diseases problems.  Therefore, an alternative control measures which are more environmentally friendly is necessary. The use of biocontrol agents is nowdays bring popular to be recommended to  control the disease.  A study on the control of fusarial wilt disease on carnation was carried out  in the Laboratory and Glasshouse of Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (1,100 m asl.) from May to December 2009, using Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas  fluorescens  formulated in the liquid organic pesticide.  The study was arranged in a randomized block design, with 10 treatments i.e. 10% vermi compost + 10% molase + BP and 10% horse manure + 10% molase + BP consentration 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7% resfectively, dazomet 0,2% and control with four replications. The results showed that population of antagonistic bacterial was increased from  107-109  to 1010-1012 cfu/ml  after 3 weeks fermentation in the organic carrier.  The population of two antagonistic bacteria  was likely stable on 1010-1011 cfu/ml after storing 2 months. The treatments of B. subtilis and P.  fluorescens suspended in the vermi compost extract and molases on the concentration level of  0.5% and formulated in the biofermentor for 3 weeks  were consistenly effective in reducing Fusarium wilt on carnation. The implication of research results could be increase commodity competitive ability of ornamental plants by using national nature resource on a continuity for support the ornamental plants industry with high competitiveness.<br /><br />

Naskah diterima tanggal 10 Agustus 2012 dan disetujui untuk diterbitkan tanggal 27 Oktober 2012 ABSTRAK. Perbanyakan lili umumnya dilakukan secara vegetatif melalui teknik konvensional menggunakan umbi. Kemampuan totipotensi tanaman memungkinkan setiap bagian tanaman dapat dimanfaatkan untuk perbanyakan tanaman, termasuk tangkai sari bunga. Tujuan penelitian ialah mendapatkan protokol perbanyakan lili menggunakan tangkai sari bunga sebagai eksplan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan, Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias Cipanas, dari Bulan Februari sampai dengan Oktober 2011. Tangkai sari diinduksi membentuk kalus pada beberapa media perlakuan yang mengandung TDZ 0,1-0,4 mg/l, kinetin 0,1-0,4 mg/l, dan 2,4-D 0,05 mg/l. Selanjutnya kalus diregenerasikan menjadi planlet. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 12 perlakuan media induksi kalus dengan tiga ulangan. Parameter yang diamati ialah waktu inisiasi kalus, bobot basah kalus, jumlah umbi yang terbentuk, serta jumlah daun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media M1-K (MS + TDZ 0,1 mg/l + 2,4-D 0,05 mg/l + kinetin 0,1 mg/l) merupakan media terbaik untuk mendapatkan waktu inisiasi kalus lebih awal dibanding media yang lain. Bobot basah kalus tertinggi diperoleh pada media M3-K (MS + TDZ 0,2 mg/l + 2,4-D 0,05 mg/l + kinetin 0,3 mg/l). Jumlah daun dan jumlah umbi mini tidak berbeda nyata pada media perlakuan yang diuji.Katakunci : Induksi kalus; Regenerasi; Lilium; Tangkai sari; TDZ; 2.4-D; MS ABSTRACT. Kurniati, R, Purwito, A, Wattimena, GA, Marwoto, B, and Supenti 2012. Callus Induction, Bulblets, and Plant Regeneration of Lilium cv. Sorbon from Filament. Lilium is usually propagated vegetatively by using bulb. Based on the totipotency ability of every parts of plant, it is possible to regenerate them into plantlets. The objective of the experiment was to find out micropropagation technique of lily using filament as explant. The experiment was conducted at Tissue Culture Laboratory, Experimental Garden of Indonesian Ornamental Plant Research Institute, Cipanas from February to October 2011. The filaments were cut into 0.5 cm and then those cutting filaments were placed on the several in vitro media containing TDZ 0.1-0.4 mg/l, kinetin 0.1-0.4 mg/l, and 2.4-D 0.05 mg/l to form callus. The callus were subsequently regenerated to be plantlets. A completely randomized design with 12 treatments and three replications were used in this study. Parameters observed were callus initiation time, callus fresh weight, total number of bulb and leaves. The results showed that the M1-K medium (MS + TDZ 0.1 mg/l + 2.4-D 0.05 mg/l + kinetin 0.1 mg/l) was the best medium for callus initiation. The highest of fresh callus weight was achieved on M3-K medium (MS + TDZ 0.2 m g/l + 2.4-D 0.05 mg/l + kinetin 0.3 mg/l). The total of leaves and bulblets of plantlets grown on the tested in vitro media were not significantly different.

Cultivation of chrysanthemum at low elevation was one effort to expand potential production areas. Under these circumstances, several environmental conditions might not be as conducive as in highland and deviate the plant from the original characters and potential yield. Fifteen promising variants derived from an unconventional breeding program were evaluated at two different elevations; 1100 and 250 m above sea level (asl) at Cianjur-West Java, Indonesia during hot season from April to September 2016. The experiment was designed as progenital selection to seek the adaptive genotypes on the targeted sites. The results showed that varietal differences existed among the tested clones when grown under highland and lowland. At lowland (250 m asl), all clones showed growth retardation expressed by the reduction of flower qualities with different degrees among genotypes. In standard group, only 2015-9 and 2015-15 that produced unchanged flower color, with acceptable plant height standard for cut flower. While in spray type, all tested clones produced flower with degraded floret color.

<p>Penyakit busuk lunak yang disebabkan oleh Pseudomonas viridiflava merupakan salah satu kendala utama dalam budidaya anggrek Phalaenopsis di Indonesia. Sampai saat ini belum ditemukan teknik pengendalian penyakit tersebut yang paling efektif. Penggunaan biobakterisida sudah diterapkan di luar negeri untuk menekan penyakit busuk lunak pada Phalaenopsis. Tujuan penelitian ialah : (1) jenis bakteri antagonis yang digunakan sebagai bahan aktif biobakterisida, (2) formula biopestisida yang efektif mengendalikan  penyakit busuk lunak (PBL) pada anggrek  Phalaenopsis,  (3) mendapatkan informasi mekanisme penekanan bakteri antagonis, dan (4) memperoleh informasi kerapatan populasi bakteri antagonis yang mengkolonisasi pada daun setelah mendapat perlakuan biobakterisida. Percobaan dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Bakteriologi dan  Rumah Kaca Biokontrol, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias Segunung pada Bulan Januari hingga Desember 2011. Isolat bakteri antagonis nomor  B7 dan B30 disuspensikan ke dalam air steril dan bahan pembawa organik yang mengandung karbohidrat  dan  protein minimal, karbohidrat, dan protein optimal.  Selanjutnya formula tersebut masing-masing diaplikasikan pada daun  Phalaenopsis (metode spraying) sehari sebelum atau setelah inokulasi patogen busuk lunak (cara pin pricking). Rancangan yang digunakan  ialah acak kelompok dengan 15 perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa  (1) bakteri antagonis no. B7 dan B30 yang digunakan sebagai bahan aktif biobakterisida digolongkan ke dalam genus Bacillus sp., (2) suspensi bakteri antagonis no. B7 dalam bahan organik yang mengandung karbohidrat dan protein minimal dan diaplikasikan 1 hari sebelum inokulasi dapat menekan serangan PBL dengan persentase penekanan sebesar 33,45%, (3) mekanisme penekanan  penyakit oleh biobakterisida dipengaruhi oleh derajat kolonisasi bakteri anatagonis pada daun anggrek dan efek antibiosis, dan (4) kerapatan populasi bakteri antagonis sebelum aplikasi ialah 9+7x102 cfu/g, selanjutnya meningkat menjadi 8+3 x 103 cfu/g daun selama 3 hari. Aplikasi biobakterisida berbahan aktif bakteri antagonis diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pendapatan petani anggrek dan  mendorong pengembangan industri biobakterisida berbasis sumber daya lokal.</p><p> </p><p>Soft rot caused by Pseudomonas viridiflava is one of the most important diseases on  Phalaenopsis production in Indonesia. Untill  now, the effective technique to control the disease  has not been found yet. Meanwhile biobactericide has been widely applied in other countries. The objectives of this research were (1) to determine type of antagonist bacteria used as biobactericide active material, (2)  biopesticide formula wich were effective to control soft rot disease, (3) to get information mechanism of suppressing on antagonist bacteria, and (4)  to examine the population density that colonized on Phalaenopsis orchid leaves  having treated. The study was conducted at Bacteriology Laboratory and Biocontrol Glasshouse of the Indonesian Ornamental Plant Research Institute, started from January to December 2011. Antagonist bacteria isolates no. B7 and B30 were suspended on the sterile water and the organic materials containing minimum or optimum of protein and carbohydrates, respectively. Then those biobactericides were applicated by spraying to the leaves of Phalaenopsis orchids  the day before or after the soft rot inoculation (by pin pricking method). A randomized block design with 15 treatments and three replications  was used in this study. The results showed that (1) antagonist bacteria no. B7 and B30  used as biobactericide active material were grouping in to the Bacillus sp. genus (2) antagonist bacteria isolate no. B7 that suspended in an organic material  containing minimum of carbohydrate-protein was applied 1 day before inoculation (treatment of a1f1 b7) was effective to control P. viridiflava with suppressing at 33.45%, (3) suppressing  mode rate of action of this treatment to suppress this pathogen  was  influenced by the degree of colonization and antibiosis reactions, and (4) the population density of such treatment before application was  9+7 x 102 cfu/g and increased to 8+3 x 103 cfu/g leaf during 3 days. The application of the biobactericides was quite promising  to increase orchids farmers‘ income and to push the development of  national resources  based biobactericide industry.</p>