Anyelir (Dianthus caryophillus L.) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman hias yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi. Penyakit utama yang menyerang tanaman ini ialah layu Fusarium yang disebabkan oleh Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi dapat menurunkan kualitas dan kuantitas produksi tanaman sekitar 20-60%. Pengendalian yang selama ini dilakukan oleh petani bertumpu pada penggunaan pestisida kimia sintetik. Namun penggunaan bahan kimia tersebut tidak mampu mengeradikasi patogen secara sempurna, terutama pada lapisan tanah yang agak dalam. Salah satu cara pengendalian berwawasan lingkungan ialah menggunakan musuh alami. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium dan Rumah Kaca Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias (1.100 m dpl.), sejak Mei sampai Desember 2009. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh Bacillus subtilis dan Pseudomonas fluorescens yang diformulasi dalam bentuk biopestisida organik cair dalam pengendalian layu Fusarium pada tanaman anyelir. Rancangan yang digunakan ialah acak kelompok dengan 10 perlakuan, yaitu 10% ekstrak kascing + 10% molase + B. subtilils + P. fluarescens (BP) dan 10% ekstrak pupuk kandang kuda + 10% molase + BP masing-masing konsentrasi 0,1, 0,3, 0,5, dan 0,7%, dazomet 0,2%, serta kontrol (air ledeng), dengan empat ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa populasi bakteri antagonis setelah dilakukan proses fermentasi selama 3 minggu, meningkat dibandingkan sebelum fermentasi. Rerata populasi awal sebelum fermentasi bakteri antagonis 107-109 cfu/ml meningkat menjadi 1010-1012 cfu/ml pada 3 minggu setelah fermentasi. Populasi kedua agens biokontrol tersebut setelah penyimpanan selama 2 bulan cenderung stabil berkisar antara 1010-1011 cfu/ml. Perlakuan B. subtilis dan P. fluorescens yang disuspensikan ke dalam ekstrak kascing + molase pada taraf konsentrasi 0,5% kemudian difermentasikan dalam biofermentor selama 3 minggu secara konsisten dapat menekan serangan F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi pada anyelir. Implikasi hasil penelitian ini dapat meningkatkan daya saing komoditas tanaman hias melalui pemanfaatan sumber daya alam nasional secara optimal berkelanjutan untuk mendukung industri tanaman hias yang berdaya saing tinggi.<br /><br />Carnation (Dianthus caryophillus L.) is one of the most economically important cut flowers in Indonesia. The crops is commonly cultivated in the highland areas of the country. Cultivations of the crops in the production center areas have faced various problems, especially wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi as the most important one. Based on the field observation it is known that the disease could reduce plant production and its yield quality up to 20-60%. To control the disease, farmers usually use a synthetic chemical pesticides. However the control measures are not sufficiently effective to overcome the diseases problems. Therefore, an alternative control measures which are more environmentally friendly is necessary. The use of biocontrol agents is nowdays bring popular to be recommended to control the disease. A study on the control of fusarial wilt disease on carnation was carried out in the Laboratory and Glasshouse of Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (1,100 m asl.) from May to December 2009, using Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens formulated in the liquid organic pesticide. The study was arranged in a randomized block design, with 10 treatments i.e. 10% vermi compost + 10% molase + BP and 10% horse manure + 10% molase + BP consentration 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7% resfectively, dazomet 0,2% and control with four replications. The results showed that population of antagonistic bacterial was increased from 107-109 to 1010-1012 cfu/ml after 3 weeks fermentation in the organic carrier. The population of two antagonistic bacteria was likely stable on 1010-1011 cfu/ml after storing 2 months. The treatments of B. subtilis and P. fluorescens suspended in the vermi compost extract and molases on the concentration level of 0.5% and formulated in the biofermentor for 3 weeks were consistenly effective in reducing Fusarium wilt on carnation. The implication of research results could be increase commodity competitive ability of ornamental plants by using national nature resource on a continuity for support the ornamental plants industry with high competitiveness.<br /><br />
<p>Puccinia horiana Henn. merupakan patogen penting penyebab penyakit karat putih yang menimbulkan kerugian signifikan dalam budidaya krisan, baik bunga potong atau tanaman pot. Aplikasi fungisida sintetik yang sering diandalkan oleh petani dan pengusaha tidak hanya memerlukan biaya yang lebih mahal, namun juga berdampak pada kerusakan lingkungan. Oleh karena itu pemanfaatan fungisida nabati yang lebih murah dan ramah terhadap lingkungan dapat menjadi alternatif pemecahannya. Beberapa fungisida nabati seperti Cees EC, Neem-plus, Cekam EC, dan Sitron-E berbahan aktif minyak atsiri cengkih, nimba, kayu manis, serai wangi, dan asam salisilat telah diproduksi dan dikomersialisasikan oleh Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat. Aplikasi fungisida tersebut diduga berpengaruh positif dalam menekan penyakit karat putih. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi keefektifan empat produk fungisida nabati tersebut dalam mengendalikan penyakit karat putih dan meningkatkan kualitas pertumbuhan krisan. Penelitian dilakukan di Rumah Plastik di Poncokusumo, Malang, Jawa Timur sejak Bulan Januari hingga Desember 2010. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan ialah Dendranthema grandiflora cv. Swarna Kencana. Perlakuan yang diuji ialah 3 ml/l untuk Cees EC, Neem-plus, Cekam EC, dan Sitron-E, serta 1,5 ml/l Amistartop 35 EC sebagai kontrol positif dan air sebagai kontrol negatif. Percobaan disusun menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan enam perlakuan dan empat ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua fungisida nabati yang diuji efektif mengendalikan penyakit karat pada krisan. Perlakuan tersebut menurut uji statistik memiliki kemampuan yang sebanding dengan Amistartop. Penurunan intensitas karat putih oleh perlakuan Cees EC, Neem-plus, Cekam EC, Sitron-E, dan Amistartop berturut-turut sebesar 49; 37,74; 32,43; 29,78; dan 48,33%. Aplikasi Cees EC, Neem-plus, Cekam EC, dan Sitron-E tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, diameter bunga, dan vaselife bunga. Aplikasi hasil penelitian ini dapat memberi manfaat untuk petani dan pengusaha dalam menurunkan biaya produksi serta meningkatkan pendapatan petani dan pengusaha karena harga keempat biofungisida murah dan tanpa dampak negatif terhadap kelestarian lingkungan.</p><p> </p><p>Controlling white rust disease (Puccinia horiana Henn.) on chrysanthemum with some biofungicides P. horiana Henn. is important pathogen causing white rust disease that may lead to a significant lost in chrysanthemum cultivation (both for cut flower and pot plant). Synthetic fungicide commonly applied by farmers are causing not only high production costs, but also endangering the environment. Confronting to this situation, the use of biofungicide that are considered cheaper and more environmental friendly has become a relevant and promising alternative. Several biofungicides such as Cees EC, Neem-plus, Cekam EC, and Sitron-E with active ingredient of clove oil, neem, cinnamon, citronella, and salicylic acid have been commersialized by the Indonesian Medical and Spice Crops Research Institute. In this study those biofungicides were hypothesized to have great potential in control the white rust disease. The main objective of this study was to obtain information regarding the efficacy of four biofungicides in controlling white rust disease on chrysanthemum. The experiment was conducted at Plastichouse in Poncokusumo, Malang, East Java from January to December 2010 by using Dendranthema grandiflora cv. Swarna Kencana as planting materials. The treatments were consisted of 3 ml/l application of Cees EC, Neem-plus, Cekam EC, and Sitron-E 1.5 ml/l application of difenokonazol + azoxistrobin (Amistartop 35 EC) as a positive control and water as negative control. The experiment was set up using a randomized block design with six treatments and four replications. The results showed that all tested biofungicides were quite effective in controlling white rust disease on chrysanthemum and had similar effectiveness in reducing disease intensity compared to Amistartop. Cees EC, Neem-plus, Cekam EC, Sitron-E, and Amistartop had been able to reduce the white rust disease intensity by 49; 37.74; 32.43; 29.78; and 48.33% respectively. In the meantime, those biofungicides did not show significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, flower diameter, and flower vaselife. The use of biofungicides seems potentially promising to increase farmers income because the price of biofungicides were cheap and maintain environmental sustainability.</p>
<p>Abstrak. Pada beberapa jenis cendawan karat dilaporkan terdapat mikoparasit diantaranya <em>Cladosporium</em> sp. Mikoparasit asal Kebun Percobaan Segunung Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias (Balithi) yang diduga sebagai <em>Cladosporium</em> menghasilkan penekanan yang tinggi terhadap karat putih asal krisan dengan penekanan mencapai 100%. Penelitian bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan mempelajari karakter morfologi dan molekuler cendawan mikoparasit yang terdapat pada pustul karat krisan asal kebun percobaan Balithi. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Penyakit Balithi Segunung dan Laboratorium Biologi Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) Cibinong pada Bulan Januari sampai dengan Desember 2012. Identifikasi secara morfologi dilakukan dengan melihat ciri makroskopis dan mikroskopis cendawan. Identifikasi secara molekuler dilakukan berdasarkan analisis pada sekuen <em>Internal Transcribed Spacer</em> (ITS) <em>ribosomal DNA</em>. Amplifikasi PCR pada ITS menggunakan Primer ITS 4: 5`-- TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC – 3` dan ITS 5: 5`--GGA AGT AAA AGT CGT AAC AAG G –3`. Hasil pengamatan makroskopik dan mikroskopik menunjukkan bahwa Isolat 567 yang menginfeksi karat putih pada krisan asal Segunung termasuk ke dalam genus <em>Cladosporium. </em>Hasil analisis secara molekuler <em>Cladosporium </em>itu memiliki homologi 100% dengan <em>Cladosporium cladosporioides<strong> </strong></em>strain<strong> </strong>1-09 <strong><em> </em></strong>(aksesi no: JF502459) yang berada di <em>genbank</em>.</p>
White rust caused by fungal pathogen Puccinia horiana P. Henn. is one devastated disease that could make significant economic loss in chrysanthemum production. The study of effects of varieties, cutting health and fungicide application on chrysanthemum white rust was established. The treatments were arranged in split-split plot completely randomized design with three replications. Three chrysanthemum varieties i.e. cv. Puma White, Reagent Purple and Town Talk served as main plot. Seedlings with 20 % intensity of white rust infection and symptomless functioned as sub plot, while fungicide application on the transplanted cutting (no fungicide) and dithiocarbamate (Antracol R 75 WP, 2 g L -1 ) application served as sub-sub plot. Result showed genetic background of the cultivars significantly determined the degree of infection of white rust. Reagent Purple exhibited least disease intensities. Fungicide application was less effective in controlling white rust development, yet gave significant impact on the plant height and number of leaves of chrysanthemum plants. Cuttings selection based on the visual observation on the presence or absence of white rust pustules symptom did not gave significant differences on the further development of the disease. The symptomless cuttings were also infected with this fungal disease after the cuttings were planted under plastic house.
<p>Penyakit busuk lunak yang disebabkan oleh Pseudomonas viridiflava merupakan salah satu kendala utama dalam budidaya anggrek Phalaenopsis di Indonesia. Sampai saat ini belum ditemukan teknik pengendalian penyakit tersebut yang paling efektif. Penggunaan biobakterisida sudah diterapkan di luar negeri untuk menekan penyakit busuk lunak pada Phalaenopsis. Tujuan penelitian ialah : (1) jenis bakteri antagonis yang digunakan sebagai bahan aktif biobakterisida, (2) formula biopestisida yang efektif mengendalikan penyakit busuk lunak (PBL) pada anggrek Phalaenopsis, (3) mendapatkan informasi mekanisme penekanan bakteri antagonis, dan (4) memperoleh informasi kerapatan populasi bakteri antagonis yang mengkolonisasi pada daun setelah mendapat perlakuan biobakterisida. Percobaan dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Bakteriologi dan Rumah Kaca Biokontrol, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias Segunung pada Bulan Januari hingga Desember 2011. Isolat bakteri antagonis nomor B7 dan B30 disuspensikan ke dalam air steril dan bahan pembawa organik yang mengandung karbohidrat dan protein minimal, karbohidrat, dan protein optimal. Selanjutnya formula tersebut masing-masing diaplikasikan pada daun Phalaenopsis (metode spraying) sehari sebelum atau setelah inokulasi patogen busuk lunak (cara pin pricking). Rancangan yang digunakan ialah acak kelompok dengan 15 perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) bakteri antagonis no. B7 dan B30 yang digunakan sebagai bahan aktif biobakterisida digolongkan ke dalam genus Bacillus sp., (2) suspensi bakteri antagonis no. B7 dalam bahan organik yang mengandung karbohidrat dan protein minimal dan diaplikasikan 1 hari sebelum inokulasi dapat menekan serangan PBL dengan persentase penekanan sebesar 33,45%, (3) mekanisme penekanan penyakit oleh biobakterisida dipengaruhi oleh derajat kolonisasi bakteri anatagonis pada daun anggrek dan efek antibiosis, dan (4) kerapatan populasi bakteri antagonis sebelum aplikasi ialah 9+7x102 cfu/g, selanjutnya meningkat menjadi 8+3 x 103 cfu/g daun selama 3 hari. Aplikasi biobakterisida berbahan aktif bakteri antagonis diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pendapatan petani anggrek dan mendorong pengembangan industri biobakterisida berbasis sumber daya lokal.</p><p> </p><p>Soft rot caused by Pseudomonas viridiflava is one of the most important diseases on Phalaenopsis production in Indonesia. Untill now, the effective technique to control the disease has not been found yet. Meanwhile biobactericide has been widely applied in other countries. The objectives of this research were (1) to determine type of antagonist bacteria used as biobactericide active material, (2) biopesticide formula wich were effective to control soft rot disease, (3) to get information mechanism of suppressing on antagonist bacteria, and (4) to examine the population density that colonized on Phalaenopsis orchid leaves having treated. The study was conducted at Bacteriology Laboratory and Biocontrol Glasshouse of the Indonesian Ornamental Plant Research Institute, started from January to December 2011. Antagonist bacteria isolates no. B7 and B30 were suspended on the sterile water and the organic materials containing minimum or optimum of protein and carbohydrates, respectively. Then those biobactericides were applicated by spraying to the leaves of Phalaenopsis orchids the day before or after the soft rot inoculation (by pin pricking method). A randomized block design with 15 treatments and three replications was used in this study. The results showed that (1) antagonist bacteria no. B7 and B30 used as biobactericide active material were grouping in to the Bacillus sp. genus (2) antagonist bacteria isolate no. B7 that suspended in an organic material containing minimum of carbohydrate-protein was applied 1 day before inoculation (treatment of a1f1 b7) was effective to control P. viridiflava with suppressing at 33.45%, (3) suppressing mode rate of action of this treatment to suppress this pathogen was influenced by the degree of colonization and antibiosis reactions, and (4) the population density of such treatment before application was 9+7 x 102 cfu/g and increased to 8+3 x 103 cfu/g leaf during 3 days. The application of the biobactericides was quite promising to increase orchids farmers‘ income and to push the development of national resources based biobactericide industry.</p>
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