Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammation that can affect the distal part of the colon, submucosa and rectal mucosa, and can affect the entire colon even to the terminal ileum. There are several factors that can cause this disease, such as genetics, environment, intestinal microbiota and the presence of enteric infectious agents. Chemical induction in experimental animals for research on gastrointestinal inflammation has been frequently used due to the similarity of the anatomical and physiological structures of experimental animals with the human digestive tract. This review focuses on recent understanding of the chemicals that used as induction agents in animals

The aims of this research are to inspect and investigate the impact of the competence of village officials, compliance with financial reporting, and the internal control environment on fraud prevention and to test the effectiveness of the role of village assistants to strengthen or weaken. This research is the actors who manage the village funds taken from each village, namely the head, secretary and village treasurer, with a total of 327 respondents. Sampling using the perposive sampling method, namely sampling based on criteria. Methods of data analysis using the WarpPLS 7.0 program assistance technique. Results have demonstrated that the expertise of village officials, compliance with financial statements and the internal monitoring environment have had a substantial and partial impact on the fraud prevention in village fund administration, the efficacy of the position of village assistants has not improved the competence of village officials to deter fraud, the effectiveness of village assistants. Internal regulation of fraud prevention in the administration of village funds, the moderation variable in this analysis was listed as quasi-modersai because the effectiveness component has a direct effect on the prevention of fraud.

Background: Physiological aging and due to oxidative stress in long term will have an impact on cellular response disorders, can caused aging of hippocampus and senility. Brain weight is known to decrease with age and p16INK4a as aging biomarkers have been investigated. Andaliman is one of typical herbal plants from North Sumatra has been widely used as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging. Objective: This study was evaluated effect of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) fruit ethanol extract (AEE) on brain weight and p16INK4a expression in aging model rats. Methods: This study was carried out experimentally of 24 male wistar rats. The treatment group consisted of 4 groups; KN= negatif control (normal), KP= positif control (aging model rat), P1 and P2= aging model rat + AEE at dose 150 and 300mg/kgbw, respectively. The aging model rats were D-galactose-induced at dose of 150mg/kgbw for 8 weeks. Brain weigth were recorded by digital scales. p16INK4a expression using immunohistochemical methods. The data analysis with Anova test. Results: This study showed differences brain weight between groups (p=0.523). Brain weight in P1 (1.34±0,06) and P2 (1.30±0.09) tendency increased than KP (1.29±0.62). The p16INK4a expression between groups significant difference (p=0.041), continued with post hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) showed p16INK4a expression in KN significant decreased than KP (p=0.027). Likewise, p16INK4a expression in P2 was significant decreased than KP (p=0.010).Conclusion: Andaliman ethanol extract at a dose 300mg/kgbw for 8 weeks was improved aging process caused D-galactose induced.

It is estimated that more than 50% of the crop loss is due to pest infestation. Assessment of farmers’ knowledge on Integrated Pest Management and pesticides use to manage threat pests, their safe use in cucurbit production was carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results showed that cucurbit growers were categorized as youth 5% (20-30 years, 31-40 middle age and 41-50 years were considered as old age growers. More than 90% of the growers use pesticides from Agro Input suppliers for managing different pests. Respondents identified aphids as a major pest represent 40% followed by leaf feeding pest 20%, fruit flies represent 15% and the least was weeds 10%. 95% of the interviewed growers were aware on negative side effect from pesticide use both to human and environment. Less than 40% of the respondents use protective gears during pesticide application. About 30% of the growers attended short course training on IPM through Farmer Field Schools. Despite of training on IPM none of them new insect identification, monitoring, biological control agents and other pollinators apart from bees. This study showed there is a need to train vegetable growers on importance of insect monitoring, biological control agent in cucurbit production.

Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is carcinoma arising from nasopharyngeal mucosa that shows light microscopic of squamous differentiation. Data from GLOBOCAN (Global Burden of Cancer) 2018, nasopharyngeal carcinoma ranks fifth based on the incidence of new cases from all malignancies in Indonesia. The high mortality rate indicates that NPC management through surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have not been completely satisfactory. Recently, Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor has developed which is an effective cancer immunotherapy. Abnormal expression of PD-L1 in various types of malignant tumors is associated with invasion, decreased T-lymphocyte infiltration, poor prognosis, and survival time.Objective: This study aimed to assess expression of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemistry staining in nasopharyngeal carcinoma at Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Haji Adam Malik Medan 2018. Material and Method: This study is descriptive and cross-sectional, which enrolled 50 PD-L1 stained slides of NPC biopsy and assessed by Histo-score. Expression of PD-L1 negative is 0-99, and positive is 100-300. Result: From 50 specimens in this study, we found that NPC patients were dominated by men (72%), with mean age 46,5±13,1 years-old. Positive expression of PD-L1 staining are 23 (46%) specimens, and negative expression of PD-L1 staining are 27 (54%) specimens. Conclusion: Expression of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining in this study were found fewer positive expressions compared to negative expressions.

No abstract

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are a type of breast cancer that does not have any or lack expression of the three receptors of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2). This cross-sectional study was performed on patients TNBC in HAM hospital Medan from 2013 to 2016 by immunohistochemistry stained. A total 60 invasive breast cancer samples with TNBC. The more frequent in TNBC group were 51-60 years (19 cases, 31.66%) and pre-menopause (34 cases, 57%). Tumor size T3 and T4 with staging IIIA and IIIB, histology sub-type IC-NOS and ILC with grade 2 and grade 3 of histologic was more common in TNBC.

Purpose: Entrepreneurial skills influence the performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya. The low business performance of SMEs in Kenya may be attributed to weak managerial and technological, low market share, the shortage of capital, the narrow range of the market. One of the ways of tackling the poor performance of SMEs is improving their entrepreneurial skills. The purpose of research is to determine how entrepreneurial skills influence the level of performance of SMEs in Kenya. Design/methodology/approach: Data was collected from a sample of 20 small and medium sized enterprises. This study used correlational survey design to collect data from a sample of 20 respondents in order to establish the effect of entrepreneurial skills on organizational performance of Small and Medium Enterprises. Findings: The findings of the study show that entrepreneurial skills have a statistically significant positive relationship with SMEs performance. The positive relationship between entrepreneurial skills and performance of SMEs means that, as entrepreneurial skills increase among the SMEs in Nakuru city, their performance increases. It can also be concluded that majority of the firms in Nakuru city acknowledge the need for entrepreneurial skills in execution of their daily activities. More so, communication and entrepreneurial literacy skills are very paramount for good performance of SMEs. Practical implications: Based on the findings of the study, SMEs operating in hotel and restaurant sector should focus on entrepreneurial skills heavily since they have a positive effect with their general performance. Originality value:The managers of SMEs should encourage the adoption of entrepreneurial skills to help in improving their performance, improving the quantity of sales, securing larger market share and enhancing their sustainability through greater customer satisfaction.