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Many types of eyelid tumors may easily be diagnosed from a clinical point of view. However only a small number of large studies exist exploring the frequency of eyelid lesions from different regions. According to the epidemiology of various eyelid lesions happened in Yogyakarta Special Region, this study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of eyelid tumors in Yogyakarta Special Region. A total of 94 patients were enrolled in a descriptive study. The data were taken retrospectively from the medical record. All patients were diagnosed with eyelid tumors from January 2014 until December 2017 by histopathological examination. Among the subjects, 56 (59.6%) were male and 38 (40.4%) were female. There was no difference found in laterality (OD 46% vs OS 50%). Sebaceous carcinoma was found in 15 (16%) patients, followed by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 13 (13.8%), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) 11 (11.7%), epidermoid cyst 7 (7.4%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma 7 (7.4%), and others. We also found that 11 (11.7%) of patients showed an inflammation appearance only. The therapy was varied from extirpation and biopsy (39.4%), wide excision (27.7%), excision and biopsy (18.1%), exenteration (10.6%), and also anterior and lateral orbitotomy (2.1%) for each procedure. The eyelid tumor was found equally in the right and the left eye. Sebaceous carcinoma followed by SCC and BCC were the most common eyelid tumor found in this study. A further study is needed to determine the risk factor of each tumor.

Background: Problem-based Learning (PBL) is a new strategy on a learning system. There are four basic theories regarding PBL such as constructive, self-directed, collaborative, and contextual learning. The success of the implementation of PBL in one institution can be measured by the implementation of its four basic theories. Faculty of Medicine UGM (FM UGM) has been implementing PBL as their curriculum since 2002, however there have not been any conducted research that measure the implementation of PBL in FM UGM towards its 4 (four) basic theories. The objectives of this study are to validate instrumen developed by Romauli et al8 that can measure the implementation level of PBL towards its 4 basic theories, to measure the implementation level of PBL in FM UGM towards its 4 basic theories, and to compare the implementation level of PBL based on students’ academic level and regular/international program.Method: This research used quantitative non-experimental research with cross-sectional design. 321 students from 2nd (2008) and 3rd (2007) students’batch regular and international program filled the questionnaire developed by Romauli et al (2009) which had been reliable (Alpha Cronbach) and validated (Pearson Moment Product) twice previously. The data were analyzed using mean analysis to measure the implementation level of PBL towards its four basic theories. This research also compared the implementation level of PBL based on students’ academic level and regular/international by using Independent Sample t-test.Results: Instrument developed by Romauli et al8 had high validity and reliability level (á=0,01 and r=0,931). The implementation level of PBL in FM UGM towards constructive, self-directed, collaborative, and contextual learning were in moderate level (1,72±0,28;min 0 & max 3). There were not any significant differences of the implementation level of PBL among 2007 & 2008 batch (p>0,05). There were any significant differences of the implementation level of PBL among regular & international students regarding constructive & contextual learning (p<0,05), however there were not any significant differences for self-directed & collaborative learning, (p>0,05).Conclusion: Instrument developed by Romauli et al (2009) had high validity and reliability. The implementation level of PBL were in moderate level. There were not any significant differences of the implementation level of PBL among two different students’ batch. There were any significant differences of the implementation level of PBL among reg

AIM: To investigate the impact of lag time to metastasis and survival rates among patients with retinoblastoma. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted with 52 patients from the Department of Ophthalmology and the Department of Pediatrics of Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, between 1st January 2014 and 31st December 2020. Lag time was defined as the time delay between the first sign of retinoblastoma to the diagnosis of retinoblastoma. The subjects with lag time > one year were included in the case group, while the subjects with lag time < one year were included in the control group. RESULTS: The lag time was significantly correlated with American Joint Committee on Cancer and Intraocular Classification of Retinoblastoma staging of retinoblastoma (P=0.005 and P=0.006, respectively). The lag time was also significantly correlated with both metastasis event [odds ratio (OR): 5.06, 95%Cl: 1.56-16.44, P=0.006] and mortality (OR: 4.54, 95%Cl: 1.37-15.07, P=0.011). The follow-up was continued for 32 subjects for 3y after initial diagnoses. Survival analysis revealed a significant difference among these two groups (P=0.021). Furthermore, lag time was significantly correlated with survival of retinoblastoma (r=-0.53, P=0.046). CONCLUSION: The study highlights the importance of lag time between the onset of first symptoms and the time of retinoblastoma diagnosis which significantly contribute to metastasis and mortality of patients with retinoblastoma. Examinations for the early detection of retinoblastoma should be performed for individuals at-risk to minimize lag time and improve the outcomes.