Background: The pathogenesis of meningioma in females and its association with exogenous progesterone is remained unclear. This study was aimed to examine expression of Progesterone receptor (PR) and Neurofibromatosis-2 (NF2) and assess their relationships to history of exogenous progesterone use and risk of meningioma.Methods: Our study was a case-control study that involves 115 females, 40 cases who diagnosed with orbito-cranial meningioma and 75 controls of healthy, that has been presented in previous study. The demographic characteristics, reproductive factors, and history of progesterone use were obtained in–depth face-to-face interviews. PR and NF2 mRNA were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) on serum specimens.Results: The mean age of participants in cases vs. controls were 46.6 ± 6.2 vs. 46.5 ± 7.45 (P = 0.969). The expression of PR and NF2 in cases was significantly lower than in controls. The longer duration of progesterone exposure was significantly associated with lower expression of PR and NF2. Significant association between lower expression of PR (OR 11.7; 95% CI 4.17–32.9; P < 0.001 comparing the lowest quartile vs. 3 highest quartile of PR) and NF2 (OR 4.23; 95% CI 1.85–9.67; P = 0.001 comparing the 2 lowest quartiles vs. 2 highest quartiles) with increased risk of meningioma were also reported.Conclusion: In this study we showed that the longer the exposure to exogenous progesterone, the lower the expression of PR and NF2 mRNA in the serum. Low expression of PR and NF2 were associated with higher risk of meningioma, suggesting that low PR expression and inactivation of NF2 might play a key role in progesterone-associated meningioma tumorigenesis and may be potential clinical marker for females at higher risk of meningioma.

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Many types of eyelid tumors may easily be diagnosed from a clinical point of view. However only a small number of large studies exist exploring the frequency of eyelid lesions from different regions. According to the epidemiology of various eyelid lesions happened in Yogyakarta Special Region, this study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of eyelid tumors in Yogyakarta Special Region. A total of 94 patients were enrolled in a descriptive study. The data were taken retrospectively from the medical record. All patients were diagnosed with eyelid tumors from January 2014 until December 2017 by histopathological examination. Among the subjects, 56 (59.6%) were male and 38 (40.4%) were female. There was no difference found in laterality (OD 46% vs OS 50%). Sebaceous carcinoma was found in 15 (16%) patients, followed by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 13 (13.8%), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) 11 (11.7%), epidermoid cyst 7 (7.4%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma 7 (7.4%), and others. We also found that 11 (11.7%) of patients showed an inflammation appearance only. The therapy was varied from extirpation and biopsy (39.4%), wide excision (27.7%), excision and biopsy (18.1%), exenteration (10.6%), and also anterior and lateral orbitotomy (2.1%) for each procedure. The eyelid tumor was found equally in the right and the left eye. Sebaceous carcinoma followed by SCC and BCC were the most common eyelid tumor found in this study. A further study is needed to determine the risk factor of each tumor.

AIM: To investigate demographic and preoperative factors increasing the risk of ametropia following transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (transPRK) in myopia and myopic astigmatism. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included myopic eyes (-0.50 to -8.75 D) with or without astigmatism (up to 3.50 D) enrolled at Dr. Yap Eye Hospital Yogyakarta. TransPRK was performed using Technolaz 217z100 excimer laser. Subjects were clustered into ametropia and emmetropia group based on uncorrected distance visual acuities (UDVA) 3mo post-operatively. Multiple preoperative and intraoperative parameters were analyzed using Logistic regression to obtain their effect on ametropia risk following transPRK. RESULTS: A total of 140 eyes of 87 consecutive subjects were studied. Prevalence of ametropia following transPRK was 20 (14.29%) eyes. Subjects in ametropia group were significantly older than the emmetropia group (31.80±14.23 vs 18.88±2.41, respectively; P&#x003C;0.001). Bivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that older age (OR=1.23), higher preoperative spherical equivalent (&#x003E;-6 D; OR=12.78), steeper anterior keratometric readings (Kmax&#x003E;45 D and mean K&#x003E;44 D; OR=4.28 and 4.35, respectively) increased the risk of ametropia following transPRK. Adjusted multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age was the strongest predictor for the incidence of ametropia following transPRK. Complications of transPRK were overcorrection, suspected posterior keratoectasia and accommodation insuffiency. CONCLUSION: Older age can be the strongest factor for increasing ametropia risk following transPRK. Cut-off points of Kmax and mean K at 45 and 44 D respectively are proposed as the predictors for ametropia following transPRK.