This research was aimed to determine the effects of prebiotics on performance and gastrointestinal profiles of Tegal ducks. One hundred two-month-old male Tegal ducks were distributed into 5 treatment groups; R 0 = control; R 1 = FOS; R 2 = MOS; R 3 = Inulin; and R 4 = natural prebiotic (water hyacinth/Eichhornia crassipes). The prebiotics were given at 0.2% of the total feed (w/w). The observed variables were performances and gastrointestinal profiles. This study used a completely randomized design and continued with honestly significant difference test. Performance (live weight, body weight gain, and feed intake) and intestinal profile (percentage weights of intestine, gizzard, crop, and pancreas) of ducks were not significantly affected by prebiotic supplementation in feed. FOS prebiotic and natural prebiotic from water hyacinth showed increased (P<0.05) the percentage of carcass and cecum weight compared to the other treatments. In conclusion, the use of different prebiotics resulted in relatively similar performances and digestive tract profiles except the percentage of carcass and cecum weight that increased by 4.5% and 36.67%, respectively, with the supplementation of either FOS or water hyacinth.

The objectives of the research were to supply nitrogen for protein synthesis of ruminal microbe from slow release urea and to supply post-rumen protein from soybean meal protected with condensed tannin (CT) from crude Leucaena leaves extract. In Experiment 1, slow release urea (SRU) was made by extrusion of cassava waste-urea, tapioca meal-urea and cassava meal-urea. Evaluation of SRU properties was based on residual nitrogen concentration and ruminal fermentation products (total volatile fatty acid and ammonia-nitrogen) in vitro. In Experiment 2, soybean meal protected with CT from crude Leucaena leaves extract as much as 1,68 g tannin/100 g DM soybean meal. SRU that was selected from Experiment 1 was used as the supplement in sheep ration whose protein source was protected with CT. SRU supplement in basal rations was 0, 6.36, 12.75, 19.11% DM. In vitro result in Experiment 1, showed that SRU of cassava waste, tapioca meal and cassava meal were different (P<0,01) on residual nitrogen content, total VFA, ammonia-N, and fermentation time. The optimum SRU obtained from cassava waste by inhibiting nitrogen hydrolysis up to 14 h. In Experiment 2, SRU supplementation of cassava waste on basal ration whose protein source was protected with CT increased dry matter (DM) degradability (P<0,01), total VFA (P<0,01), ammonia-N (P<0,01), and did not affect crude protein (CP) ruminal degradation. Post-ruminal degradability of DM and CP increased (P<0.01) in line with the increasing supplement, and reached the optimum level at 12,75 – 19,11% DM. In conclusion, cassava waste was a potent SRU through extrusion process and could be harnessed as SRU supplement in ration with protein source protected with condensed tannin to improve ruminal microbe protein synthesis.

The research was conducted to evaluate the physical, chemical and biologic as well as the bioavailability of encapsulated fermeherbafit in broiler chickens. Fermeherbafit is a term coined in this study for a mix herbal fermentation. The materials used were: fermeherbafit material consisting of Curcuma domestica (turmeric), C. xanthorrhiza R. (ginger), Allium sativum L. (garlic), Morinda citrifolia (noni), Moringa oleifera (Moringa leaves), brown sugar and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) probiotic. Eighty broiler day-old chicks of strain MB 202 Platinum were reared until the age of 35 d. Research Phase 1 was the evaluation of the encapsulated ingredients consisted of treatments P 1 = 2% alginate:2% chitosan; P 2 = 4% alginate:2% chitosan; P 3 = 2% alginate:4% chitosan; P 4 = 4% alginate:4% chitosan; P 5 = 2% alginate:2% chitosan; P 6 = 4% alginate:2% chitosan; P 7 = 2% alginate:4% chitosan; P 8 = 4% alginate:4% chitosan. Research Phase 2 was the encapsulated fermeherbafit with treatments R 0 = control; R 1 = non-encapsulated fermeherbafit; R 2 = 1.5% encapsulated fermeherbafit; R 3 = 3.0% encapsulated fermeherbafit; R 4 = 4.5% encapsulated fermeherbafit. The results of Phase 1 study indicated that the most well-encapsulated fermeherbafit was treatment R 7 (2% alginate:4% chitosan) regarding the levels of protein, energy, LAB amount. The results of Phase 2 showed that the use of encapsulated fermeherbafit had significant effect (p < 0.05) on final weight, carcass weight, carcass percentage and liver weight, but had no effect (p > 0.05) on the abdominal fat percentage, intestine weight, bursa Fabricius weight, and the proventriculus weight. It can be concluded that the use of 1:1 of alginate and chitosan may retain fermeherbafit bioavailability, and its application to the chicken could be of up to 4.5%, with final broilers body weight of 1,179.75 ± 27.76 g and carcass weight of 826.7 ± 30.27 g (70.06% ± 1.33%) and liver weight of 22.625 ± 2.55 g.

This research was aimed to imporve of broiler chiken performance and reduce the blood, meat and liver cholesterol levels.  This research used 100 female broilers MB 200 Platinum DOC which were reared for 5 weeks at battery-postal cages. The treatments were R0= control/ 0% fermeherbafit; R1= used 2% fermeherbafit;  R2= used 4% fermeherbafit; R3= used 6% fermeherbafit. The experimental design was carried out using a complete randomized design. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the use fermeherbafit did not showed any significant differences (P>0.05) in feed consumption, absolute growth, relative growth and carcas percentage. However, it showed  significant differences (P<0.05) in blood and breast meat cholesterols. The average for Performance (feed consumption by 3268.775±293.421 g/bird; absolute growth by 1684.92±126.12; relative growth by 0.3682±0.0019; carcas percentage by 74.61± 1.12%).  Blood cholesterol  89.20+12.76 mg/dl (R3) up to 111.80+17.02 mg/dl (R0); Breast meat cholesterol 150.03+11.64 mg/g (R3) up to 174.88+8.53 mg/g (R0); Leg meat cholesterol 173.00+7.21 (R1) up to 152.15+17.83 mg/g (R3); Liver cholesterol 83.37+31.01  mg/g (R0) up to 102.75+1.68 mg/g (R3). Conclusion of this research was that the Fermeherbafit could be used in broiler feed up to 6% which could reduce blood and breast meat cholesterols.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the administration time of liquid fermeherbafit used in drinking water on blood hematological profiles and lymphoid organ of broiler chickens. 1,000 heads of broiler chicks 1-14 days old with prelium treatment, and 14 - 34 day-old as research treatment. Fed by BR 1 and BR2 feed of CP production. Fermeherbafit material consists of: 100% Curcuma domestica (turmeric), 100% Curcuma Xanthorrhiza R (Curcuma), 25% Allium sativum L (garlic), 50% Morinda citrifolia (Noni), 10% Moringa oleifera (Moringa leaf), 10% sugar, 8% (w/v) Probiotic LAB (Lactic acid bacteria). used complete random design (RAL), with 4 treatments with 50 chickens each of 5 replicates, the liquid Fermeherbafit as much as 4% (v/w) of the feed given to the four groups: R0 = as control, R1 = daily, R2 = every two days; R3 = every Monday and Thursday. The results of Blood haematological profiles and the lymphoid organ of broiler chickens showed no significance differences (P > 0.05). The average of blood haematological profileis leukocytes were 8,830±2.01 until 8.70 ± 1.87 (x 103/μl); Monocytes of 4.60 ± 1.82 to 7.00 ± 2.45%; Lymphocytes of 53.00 ± 11.92 to 57.20 ± 9.73%; Hb of 6.36 ± 0.37 to 7.38 ± 0.40 G/dL; Fabricius of 0.81 ± 0.06 to 1.00 ± 0.12%; Lymph of 0.12 ± 0.03 to 0.24 ± 0.16%; Thymus of 0.17 ± 0.05 to 0.20±0.05. it can be concluded that liquid fermeherbafit through drinking water at exact time daily, every two days and every Mondays-Thursdays are reviewed in the results of blood haematological profiles as well as Lymphoid organ of broiler chickens.