Abstrak. Flavonoid merupakan senyawa fenolik yang banyak diisolasi dari tanaman karena manfaatnya sebagai antioksidan, anti mikroba, dan antikanker. Sebagai antioksidan, flavonoid dapat menangkap radikal bebas yang dapat merusak sel tubuh. Oleh karena itu, kandungan total flavonoid (TFC) dan aktivitas antioksidan (IC50) ekstrak jamur Pleurotus ostreatus penting untuk diteliti. Flavonoid diekstrak menggunakan metode Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) dengan variasi waktu ekstraksi (2, 3, dan 4 menit) dan variasi rasio antara jamur dan pelarut (1:30, 1:35, dan 1:40). Kandungan flavonoid dianalisis dengan metode kolorimetri menggunakan alumunium klorida, sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan ditentukan dengan metode DPPH. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu ekstraksi, semakin tinggi TFC dan aktivitas antioksidan. Kandungan flavonoid tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan waktu ekstraksi 4 menit dan rasio jamur:pelarut 1:30, yaitu sebesar 1,53 mg QE/ g dw dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 14,66 mg/ml. Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Pleurotus ostreatus Extract Abstract. Flavonoids-phenolic substances- are isolated from plant due to their benefits as an antioxidant, an antimicrobial, and an anticancer. As an antioxidant, flavonoids can scavenge free radicals that damage body cells. In this study, the total flavonoid content (TFC) and its antioxidant activity (IC50) of Pleurotus ostreatus -an oyster mushroom- extract were investigated. The flavonoid was extracted by using Microwave-assisted Extraction (MAE) at different of extraction time (2, 3, and 4 minutes) and ratio of P.ostreatus and solvent (1:30, 1:35 and 1:40). The flavonoid contents were determined by alumunium chloride colorimetric method whereas the antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH method. The results revealed that the higher extraction time, the higher TFC and antioxidant activity, where the highest TFC was obtained at 4 minutes extraction with ratio of P.ostreatus and solvent of 1:30. The highest TFC of P.ostreatus extract was 1.53 mg QE/ g dw with antioxidant activity (IC50) of 14.66 mg/ml.
The ultrafiltration membrane process is widely used for fruit juice clarification, yet the occurring of fouling promotes a decline in process efficiency. To reduce the fouling potential in the membrane application in food processing, the use of natural phenolic compounds extracted from cocoa pod husk is investigated. The cocoa pod husk extract (CPHE) was prepared in phenolic nanoparticles form and added into the polymer solution at varying concentrations of 0.5 wt%, 0.75 wt%, and 1.0 wt%, respectively. The composite membrane was made of a cellulose acetate polymer using DMF (dimethylformamide) and DMAc (dimethylacetamide) solvents. The highest permeability of 2.34 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 was achieved by 1.0 wt% CPHE/CA prepared with the DMAc solvent. CPHE was found to reduce the amount of Escherichia coli attached to the membranes by 90.5% and 70.8% for membranes prepared with DMF and DMAc, respectively. It is concluded that CPHE can be used to control biofouling in the membrane for food applications.
Bioetanol merupakan senyawa alkohol yang diperoleh melalui proses fermentasi dengan bantuan mikroorganisme. Proses pembuatan bioetanol ini melalui beberapa tahapan yaitu proses pretretment, proses hidrolisis, proses fermentasi, dan proses distilasi. Proses pretretment merupakan proses yang penting dalam pembuatan bioetanol dikarenakan proses ini menjadi tolak ukur dari proses selanjutnya. Bioetanol dapat dibuat dari bahan-bahan yang mengandung gula. Salah satunya adalah tanaman bambu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi NaOH dan tekanan terhadap kandungan lignoselulosa serbuk bambu betung. Proses delignifikasi pada penelitian bambu betung ini menggunakan NaOH sebagai alkali dan pemanasan bertekanan menggunakan autoclave dengan tekanan absolute 3 bar, 3.5 bar, dan 4 bar. Adapun kandungan hemiselulosa, selulosa dan lignin kontrol (non-treatment) adalah 10,81%., 45,02% dan 28,35%. Setelah dilakukannya pretreatment diketahui bahwa terjadi penurunan kandungan hemiselulosa, selulosa dan lignin yaitu pada perlakuan tekanan absolute 3 bar dan konsentrasi NaOH 1,5M kandungan hemiselulosa terendah adalah 2,96%, kandungan lignin terendah adalah 3,71% dan kandungan selulosa terendah yaitu 18,38%. Untuk kandungan selulosa tertinggi adalah pada perlakuan tekanan absolute 4 bar dan konsentrasi NaOH 1,5M yaitu 30,52%.
Cocoa pod husk (CPH) which is a waste of cocoa plantation contains phenolic compounds which can be used as antibacterial agents. Phenolic compounds in CPH include phenolic acids, flavonoids and flavones. The aim of this study was to analyze the antibacterial activity of CPH extract whis was extracted by using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) method. Extraction using 96% ethanol solvent with a ratio of 1:4, 1:6 and 1:8 (w/v) for 2, 3 and 4 minutes, respectively. The extraction results with the highest total phenolic content were tested their antibacterial activity using a disk diffusion method at an extract concentration of 5, 7.5, 10 mg/mL and 15 mg/mL with three replications, respectively. The highest total phenolic content of 453 mg GAE/g dry extract was obtained from MAE treatment with a solvent ratio of 1:4 (w/v) for 4 minutes. The results of the antibacterial activity of extracts against Escherichia coli showed that inhibitory zones had formed at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. The width of the inhibition zone increases as the concentration of extract increases.
Tingginya produksi tanaman kelapa di Indonesia mempunyai hubungan yang postif dengan jumlah limbah tempurung kelapa yang dihasilkan, dimana limbah tersebut cukup sulit diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme. Sehingga pemanfaatan limbah tempurung kelapa menjadi arang dan asap cair telah banyak dikembangkan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Selama ini, proses pembuatan asap cair dari tempurung kelapa (coconut shell-liquid smoke) dilakukan secara konvensional selama 3-5 hari dengan kualitas asap cair grade C dan rendemen asap cair yang rendah. Oleh karena itu tujuan penelitian ini yaitu melakukan rancang bangun mesin pembuat asap cair dari tempurung kelapa berbasis teknologi cyclone-redistillation yang dapat meningkatkan rendemen dari asap cair yang dihasilkan. Pengujian performansi mesin dianisis berdasarkan parameter rendemen dari setiap grade (A, B dan C) yang dihasilkan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode rekayasa (engineering). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mesin pembuat asap cair dari tempurung kelapa berbasis teknologi cyclone-redistillation telah diproduksi sesuai spesifikasi dengan dimensi keseluruhan panjang 132 cm, lebar 100 cm dan tinggi 145 cm. Rendemen asap cair tempurung kelapa grade A sebesar 2,17%, sedangkan grade B dan C masing-masing memiliki rendemen 0,33% dan 0,83%. Rancang bangun mesin pembuat asap cair dari tempurung kelapa berbasis teknologi cyclone-redistillation ini berpotensi besar untuk diterapkan pada UKM penghasil asap cair di Indonesia untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan kualitas asap cair dari limbah tempurung kelapa.
This study aimed at investigating the effects of polishing conditions on the physicochemical properties of polished yellow konjac flour (PYKF) with a centrifugal mill using Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology (CCD-RSM). Micro-mill milled yellow konjac flour (MMYKF) mass and polishing cycles were the independent variables, with four observed responses (calcium oxalate, viscosity, degree of whiteness (DoW), and glucomannan). The lower limit (-1) and upper limit (+1) for MMYKF mass in this study are 10 and 15 kg, respectively, while the -1 and +1 for the polishing cycle are three times, and seven times, respectively. The optimum prediction occurred at 10 kg of MMYKF mass and six times the polishing cycle with the following characteristics: 0.52 ±0.00% w.b. calcium oxalate, 20362.00 ±16.00 cP viscosity, 62.22 ±0.01 DoW, and 69.43 ±0.02% d.b. glucomannan content, which agreed with the verification data with p-value >0.05 for all observed responses using the paired T-test. Polishing using a centrifugal mill is feasible and promises to be scaled up to industrial scale for yellow konjac flour polishing before the wet extraction process.
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