Cacao Pod Husk Extract Phenolic Nanopowder-Impregnated Cellulose Acetate Matrix for Biofouling Control in Membranes

Abstract

The ultrafiltration membrane process is widely used for fruit juice clarification, yet the occurring of fouling promotes a decline in process efficiency. To reduce the fouling potential in the membrane application in food processing, the use of natural phenolic compounds extracted from cocoa pod husk is investigated. The cocoa pod husk extract (CPHE) was prepared in phenolic nanoparticles form and added into the polymer solution at varying concentrations of 0.5 wt%, 0.75 wt%, and 1.0 wt%, respectively. The composite membrane was made of a cellulose acetate polymer using DMF (dimethylformamide) and DMAc (dimethylacetamide) solvents. The highest permeability of 2.34 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 was achieved by 1.0 wt% CPHE/CA prepared with the DMAc solvent. CPHE was found to reduce the amount of Escherichia coli attached to the membranes by 90.5% and 70.8% for membranes prepared with DMF and DMAc, respectively. It is concluded that CPHE can be used to control biofouling in the membrane for food applications.

Investigating the role of solvent type and microwave selective heating on the extraction of phenolic compounds from cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk

“…Rather than being wasted, the unexploited CPH has a high potential to be valorised as it contains protein, carbohydrate, lipid, lignocellulosic compounds, pectin, alkaloid, and phenolic compounds, including anthocyanidins and pigment (Campos-Vega et al, 2018;Lecumberri et al, 2007;Nguyen, 2015;Nguyen et al, 2021;Valadez-Carmona et al, 2017;Vriesmann et al, 2012Vriesmann et al, , 2011. Therefore, various studies have provided evidence of the potential for CPH to be valorised as adsorbents (Rachmat et al, 2018;Tsai et al, 2020), bioenergy (Adjin-Tetteh et al, 2018;Kilama et al, 2019), anti-biofouling agent (Wibisono et al, 2021), and food additives: antioxidant (Karim et al, 2014a(Karim et al, , 2014bMartínez et al, 2012;Teboukeu et al, 2018;Valadez-Carmona et al, 2017;, colourant pigment (Nguyen, 2015), pectin-emulsifying and gelling agents Petkowicz, 2013, 2017; based on their bioactive compounds.…”

Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Membran Selulosa Asetat dengan Penambahan Antibiofouling Alami Ekstrak Bawang Putih

“…(1) Keterangan: J = fluks membran (L/m 2 .jam), V = volume permeate (liter), A= luas permukaan membran (m 2 ), dan t = waktu filtrasi (jam) Fluks air bersih diuji menggunakan modul membran yang ada dengan aliran cross-flow sesuai penelitian (Wibisono et al, 2021). Membran dipotong dengan ukuran diameter 6 cm dan tekanan transmembran diatur pada 0,3 bar dengan menggunakan pompa.…”

“…Pengujian ini menggunakan modifikasi dari penelitian sebelumnya (Wibisono et al, 2021). Membran direndam dalam larutan berisi bakteri Bacillus subtilis selama 24 jam.…”

“…Semakin banyak ekstrak yang ditambahkan dalam membran, semakin memendek macrovoid yang terbentuk. Hal tersebut memiliki berhubungan dengan ketebalan membran yang dihasilkan akibat berkurangnya konsentrasi polimer selulosa asetat yang digunakan (Wibisono et al, 2021).…”

State-of-the-Art Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs)

“…To address fouling in membrane-based technology processes, Wibisono et al [ 3 ] employed cocoa pod husk extract (CPHE) in phenolic nanoparticle form, in varying concentrations of 0.5 wt%, 0.75 wt%, and 1.0 wt%, into cellulose acetate polymer. The dry–wet phase inversion method used dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylacetamide (DMAc) to fabricate a CPHE phenolic nanopowder/C.A.…”