Aim: Alveolar bone resorption, often occurring after tooth extraction, can be minimized through socket preservation. This process uses a combination of Moringa leaf extract and demineralized freeze-dried bovine bone xenograft (DFDBBX) that is expected to generate both transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) expressions as a transcription factor associated with osteoblast differentiation and osteocalcin accelerating alveolar bone formation. This research aimed to analyze the role of the combination of Moringa leaf extract and DFDBBX induced in socket preservation when generating TGF-β1 and osteocalcin expressions. Materials and Methods: The left mandibular incisors of 56 Cavia cobaya were extracted and divided into four groups subjected to different socket preservation treatments. The first group treated with polyethylene glycol, the second group with DFDBBX, the third group with Moringa leaf extract, and the fourth group with a combination of DFDBBX and Moringa leaf extract. The C. cobaya were examined on days 7 and 30, after which the specimens were sacrificed and examined using an immunohistochemical technique. The resulting data were then analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's honestly significant difference tests. Results: There was a significant difference in TGF-β1 and osteocalcin expressions between the groups ( P < 0.05). The highest mean amount of TGF-β1 and osteocalcin was found in the fourth group on both days 7 and 30. Conclusions: The combination of Moringa leaf extract and DFDBBX can effectively generate TGF-β1 and osteocalcin expressions during the preservation of tooth extraction sockets.

The human umbilical cord is a source of numerous Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), making it as a potential source of allogeneic multipotent cell for bone tissue engineering. The aims of this study were to find: 1) Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hUCMSCs) phenotypic characterization, 2) The in-vitro osteogenic differentiation potential of hUCMSCs, 3) The cytotoxicity of gelatin solvent to hUCMSCs using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. As a result, through characterization of hUCMSCs, the majority of target cells expressed specific MSCs markers, Cellular Differentiation (CD)73, smaller number of subpopulation expressed CD90 with only minimal subpopulation expressed CD105 and all negative MSCs markers. Osteoblastic differentiation was found in a significantly high number of cells when in vitro osteogenic differentiation of hUCMSCs with Alizarin Red staining was done. Biocompatibility analysis using the MTT assay showed that gelatin solvent and Alpha modification of minimum essential * Corresponding author.N. Hendrijantini et al. 421medium Eagle (α-MEM) was non-toxic for hUCMSCs in vitro. The study concluded that hUCMSCs isolated from human umbilical cord was capable of undergoing in vitro osteogenesis, indicating its potential as allogeneic stem cells for clinical application in bone tissue engineering.

Aim: To determine the potential of propolis extract and BBG combination on the quantity of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and osteoblasts in the preservation of tooth extraction socket on days 3 and 7. Settings and Design: Laboratory in vivo reseach using animal model. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six Cavia cobaya were divided into eight groups containing seven animals in each group. The extraction socket on the lower left incisor was filled with polyethylene glycol (PEG) at a concentration of 2% (Groups I and II) as a control; active materials consisted of propolis extract and PEG (Groups III and IV); active materials consisted of BBG and PEG (Groups V and VI); and active materials consisted of propolis extract, BBG, and PEG (Groups VII and VIII). Then, an examination was done using immunohistochemistry to perform an expression of VEGF, FGF2, as well as histology of osteoblasts. Statistical Analysis Used: The statistical analysis performed using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey's honestly significant difference test. Results: Propolis extract, BBG and PEG had the most significant result related to the formation of FGF2, VEGF, and osteoblasts. Conclusion: The combination of propolis extract with BBG and PEG in socket preservation is effective in increasing the expression of FGF2, VEGF, and osteoblasts.

Background: Tooth extraction is a procedure frequently performed in the field of dentistry that can cause alveolar bone resorption during the healing process. Therefore, preservation of sockets is necessary to maintain alveolar bone which represents one of the important factors in the successful manufacture of dentures. A combination of propolis extract and bovine bone graft (BBG) can accelerate bone regeneration. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a combination of propolis extract and BBG on the quantity of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts in the tooth extraction socket. Methods: 56 Cavia cobaya were divided into eight groups. The lower left incisor of each subject was extracted and induced with polyethylene glycol (PEG), propolis extract + PEG, BBG + PEG, combination of propolis extract + BBG + PEG at a concentration of 2% active substance. Experimental subjects were sacrificed on days 3 and 7. Histopathological examination with a microscope at 400x magnification was conducted to calculate the quantity of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. Results: The highest average quantity of fibroblasts and osteoblasts and the lowest average quantity of osteoclasts occurred in the group to which a combination of propolis extract and BBG had been administered on both days 3 and 7. According to the statistical analysis results, all the treatment groups recorded a significant difference in the quantity of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts with a p value: 0.000 (p<0.05). Conclusion: A combination of propolis extract and BBG can increase the quantity of fibroblast and osteoblast cells, while reducing the number of osteoclast cells in tooth extraction sockets treated with 2% concentration of the active substance.

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Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a systemic disease characterized by an increase in blood glucose which, in the long term, enhances advanced glycation end product and leads to impaired osteogenesis. In prosthodontics, the osteogenic process plays an important role in successful treatment. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) present in Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hUCMSCs) on osteogenesis and calcification. Materials and Methods: MSCs isolated from human umbilical cord were cultured and underwent expansion up to passage 5. The research sample was divided into two sub-groups; a treatment group (osteogenic medium+AGE-BSA medium) and a control group (osteogenic medium) each of which underwent three replications. Samples were examined immunocytochemically on days 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14 and 21 to quantify the level of RUNX2 expression. Alizarin red staining was performed on day 21. Results: In the treatment group, RUNX2 expression increased on day 3, reaching a peak on days 7 and 14. That expression decreased on day 8. In the control group, the expression of RUNX2 reached its peak on day 8 before decreasing on day 9. The presence of alizarin red indicated calcification in the control medium, but less mineralization in the treatment group. Conclusion: The research indicated that AGE-BSA enhances the production of RUNX2 expression in hUCMSCs at both the initial and maturation stages. This finding was supported by the results of alizarin red staining which indicated that increased levels of RUNX2 produced less mineralization.

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells accelerate and increase implant osseointegration in diabetic ratsObjective: This study was conducted to assess the effect of hUCMSCs injection on the osseointegration of dental implant in diabetic rats via Runtrelated Transcription Factor 2 (Runx2), Osterix (Osx), osteoblasts, and Bone Implant Contact (BIC). Methodology: The research design was a true experimental design using Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain. Rattus norvegicus were injected with streptozotocin to induce experimental diabetes mellitus.The right femur was drilled and loaded with titanium implant. Approximately 1 mm from proximal and distal implant site were injected with hUCMSCs. The control group was given only gelatin solvent injection. After 2 and 4 weeks of observation, the rats were sacrificed for further examination around implant site using immunohistochemistry staining (RUNX2 and Osterix expression), hematoxylin eosin staining, and bone implant contact area. Data analysis was done using ANOVA test. Results: Data indicated a significant difference in Runx2 expression (p<0.001), osteoblasts (p<0.009), BIC value (p<0.000), and Osterix expression (p<0.002). In vivo injection of hUCMSCs successfully increased Runx2, osteoblasts, and BIC value significantly, while decreased Osterix expression, indicating an acceleration of the bone maturation process. Conclusion:The results proved hUCMSCs to accelerate and enhance implant osseointegration in diabetic rat models.

Background: Treating missing tooth with denture, in some cases, still leave the patient unfulfilled. Good mastication and retention are the main considerations especially for those who require more retentions. In some cases, combination of partial and fixed denture the best approach to achieve better functional and retention results. Purpose: To report compound denture procedures with good mastication and retention as the main considerations. Case: A 43-year-old male patient reported a complaint of chewing difficulty due to missing right upper front teeth caused by work accident and extracted posterior. Patient wanted to wear partial denture to regain good mastication. Case management: Compound denture was chosen to optimize the remaining teeth for better functional and aesthetic. Zirconia all ceramic fixed dentures were fabricated on 13, 14, 15 with an occlusal rest on 13 and 15. Pontic on the 14 used ridge lap design. Discussion: Compound denture is a combination of removable and fixed denture where a minor connector of a removable denture should involve a fixed denture. Fixed denture shall be fabricated first and then removable denture. Conclusion: The definitive restoration of this case was compound denture, which is a combination of partial denture metal frame and fixed denture to restore the good mastication and retention.