This article presents a retrospective review of data on side effects of drugs containing naphazoline and data on toxicity of the agent when entered the body via different pathways. Most publications on clinical signs of possible naphazoline-associated side effects are lacking thorough analysis of possible causes. Limited data on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug led to various complications after its administration. Therefore, further studies on naphazoline content dynamics or products of its biotransformation in biological substrates and determination of half-life of the agent must be conducted. This will allow establishingsafe levels for different exposure pathways and harmful levels of the naphazoline with respect to its material accumulation. It should be noted that scientific publications contain controversial data regarding allergenic potential of the agent. Possible side effects of the drug on the reproductionand development are not revealed. Determination of effects the products containing naphazoline may have on immune and reproductive system is an important part of the research.
ітчизняний гепатопротектор антраль ефективно використовується для лікування гепатитів різного генезу [1-3], атеросклерозу, ішемічної хвороби серця, порушень згортання крови [4], цукрового діабету [5], обструктивної нефропатії, ускладненої інфекційнозапальним процесом, [6] тощо за їх самостійного перебігу і на тлі хронічної патології печінки [4]. Враховуючи фармакологічні ефекти антралю, можна передбачити його подальше активне впровадження у клінічну практику, що сприятиме збільшенню обсягів його виробництва на вітчизняних підприємствах. Відомо, що дія лікарських препаратів за умов промислового виробництва відрізняється від терапевтичного впливу, оскільки їхні дози, тривалість та шляхи надходження можуть змінюватися. Нині випуск антралю здійснюється за відсутності його гігієнічних нормативів в об'єктах довкілля. Сучасні підходи до оцінки токсичності хімічних речовин передбачають проведення біотестування шляхом застосування КУ ЗЬМІНОВ Б.П., МАТ ИСІК С.І., ЗА ЗУЛЯК Т.С., МИК ИТЧАК Т.І.* Львівс ь кий націона л ьн ий медичний універси тет ім. Да н ила Га ли ць ко го, *Інсти тут ек ол огії Карп ат НАН України УДК 614.35:615.244.099 Ключові сло ва: антраль, то ксичність, Daph nia mag na Straus.
Introduction. According to the European legislation and requirements, industrial production of medication shall be provided with well-defined regulations of the quality of such preparation. Material and methods. Cytotoxic action of hepatoprotector Antral on bull sperm was evaluated. Samples of sperm were divided into control and two experimental samples: control one was diluted with phosphate-buffered saline (PSB), which included NaCl - 0.8 g, KСl - 0.02 g, Na2HPO4 - 0.11 g, КH2PO4 - 0.02 g, MgCl2 - 0.01 г, Н2О till 100ml; in the first experimental sample PSB was added with antral in the dose 1/500 LD50 (2.77 mg); in the second - PSB with Antral in the dose 1/100 LD50 (13.87 mg) was added. The survival of spermatozoa was defined until termination of rectilinear forward movement in sperm, which was preserved in temperature of 2-5 °C; respiratory activity was defined (by polarography (ng-atom O/0.1 ml of semen (S) ∙ min) in thermostated sell (temperature of 38.5 °C), with the volume of 1.0 ml with the automatic registration of process flow by potentiometer, the proportion of decrease of which was evaluated in accordance to impacted dose of antral in substrate and restorative activity was defined potentiometrically (mV/0.1ml C ∙ min) using a system of pen microelectrodes that were inserted in thermostated polarographic cell). Results. In the experimental samples of semen in comparison with the control sample the respiratory and restorative activities were reduced; dose 1/500 LD50 to 58.8% and dose 1/100 LD50 to 68.5%; restorative activity - to 66.7% and 54.5% correspondingly. Conclusion. Antral reduces the survival of sperm being irrespective of dose.
The toxicological assessment of diazoline, the first- generation antihistaminic preparation, was carried out together with justification of the hygiene standard for permissible content ( (Tentative Safe Exposure LevelTSEL) of occupational air in production premises. It was found out that according to acute oral toxicity criterion, Diazoline refers to low hazardous substances. In the clinical picture of acute and sub-chronic intoxication, CNS involvement prevails. Diazolin has a weak local irritant effect in case of contact with mucous membranes, shows a strong cumulative activity. In case of intracutaneous sensitization, it influences indicators of the cellular and humoral component of innate and acquired immunity. TSEL of diazoline in occupational air is 1.0 mg/m .
On the basis of the analysis of the scientific works and archival and documentary materials, the authors studied the history of the scientific legacy of G.S. Mosing, the outstanding epidemiologist of the twentieth century. The study of aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture and treatment of epidemic typhus is presented in the scientist’s works. Dr. G. Mosing developed the effective system of antiepidemic measures aimed at the complete elimination of this disease.
Introduction. Vaccination has made a breakthrough in history by overcoming the infectious diseases that have plagued humanity for millennia. The twentieth century was marked by the invention of vaccines against epidemics typhus, which have become the only salvation in overcoming this disease. The history of the vaccine was developed on the example of the first effective vaccine against epidemic typhus, developed by a prominent Polish scientist, professor at the University of Lviv Rudolf Weigl, the history of vaccine development and the method of culturing R. Prowazekii in the intestine of Pediculus humanus corporis was studied. From Rickettsia Рrowazekii – the causative agent of epidemic typhus transmitted by aphids (Pediculus humanus corporis) in the history of mankind killed more people than in all known wars. Brazilian researcher Enrique da Rocha Lima differentiated described in detail and gave a specific name to the causative agent of typhus in 1916. In 1920, GW Epstein, as well as S. Burt Weilbach, John L. Todd and FW Palfrey in 1922 confirmed the etiological significance of R. Prowazekii in the presence of typhus. Biological and morphological characteristics, the life cycle of the pathogen and the impossibility of reproduction on artificial nutrient media were established. The aim of the study. According to the study of scientific sources to investigate the history of the technology of R. Weigl vaccine against epidemic typhus from its first series obtained in the laboratory and from 1930, when its production began, the period covering the 20-30s of the twentieth century. To establish that the scientific achievements of the scientists are not only the history of microbiology and virology, it is relevant today. Materials and methods. Content analysis, a method of systematic analysis of research on the typhus vaccine, was used. The implementation of scientific research began with a retrospective analysis of the scientific works of R. Weigl and his students. Selection of sources was carried out in the archives and scientific libraries of Lviv and the Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene of Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, in scientometric databases PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar by keywords: lice, typhus, rubella, R. Prowazekii. 174 scientific works in English, Ukrainian, Polish, French and Russian were analyzed and sources were selected in which the issue of creating a vaccine against typhus, technology of its production, efficiency of application was covered. Results. The vaccine, developed by Professor Rudolf Weigl, author of the method of cultivating and accumulating the causative agent of this disease – R. Prowazekii in the intestine of the laboratory population of lice, despite the complexity of its preparation, for over 20 years was the only immunobiological drug to control typhus. Conclusions. We should be grateful to Rudolf Weigl and his students, who have often studied R. Рrowazekii at the cost of their lives and developed a vaccine against typhus, which has killed millions of people on our planet. Vaccination with a full dose of R. Weigl’s vaccine does not guarantee protection against infection, but reduces morbidity, completely eliminates mortality and facilitates the course of epidemic typhus.
Energy drinks (ED) have appeared in Ukraine recently, in second half of 20 th century. They became popular and got preferences among teen groups. ED are one of the most dynamic segments of soft drinks market [13]. Composition of ED, available on Ukrainian market differs both by quantative and qualitive content, but all of them have the same features: the presence of biologicaly active substances such as coffeine, taurin, inozitol, glucuronolacton, guarana, carnitine, B group vitamins (riboflavin, niazin, vitamin В6 and В12). Manufacturers are convinced that ED composition increase attention, reaction speed, mood, productivity, ability to focus and has overall stimulation effect. Medical evidence of ED consumption is contradictory. Proponents consider that ED have continuous effect on focus of attention, memory and increase physical efficiency both in aerobic and anaerobic conditions [16, 19]. On the other side, their opponents mostly speak about side effects, such as headache, tachycardia, increased risk of brain vascular affection, mental and metabolic disorders [20, 21, 23].There is a lack of available data in scientific literature dealing with the study of ED side effects on animal models. As the main consumers groups is youth, young animals should be used in experiment for the most precise extrapolations of experimental data on human population.Energy drinks usage force body to work under the continuous extreme (stress) conditions, overloading nervous, cardiovascular systems, exhausting cells energetic resources. At the end of influence, those substances decrease overall human abilities to minimum and give the side clinical effects especially in a case of overdosing.According to a some data about relative differences in motor activity, anxiety and speed of reflex response in rats, which were consuming ED in models of everyday usage, with the control group. There was also found the positive correlation of the levels of those indexes with daily ED drinking volumes [9]. The active fluctuation of endocrine and nervous systems as well as diet differences cause brain functionality changes.All of that requires the detailed study, analysis and designing nutrition recommendations, considering preferences in usage of such products, which cause alimentary stress [20, 22]. It is also known, that youth, to compare with adults, has brighter manifestation of neurotoxic effects during the influence of biologically active psycho-stimulant substances. That is why experimental studies of ED impact on cognitive functions and behavioural reaction on young animal models are the questions of vital importance.
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