This study included the isolation and identification of Citrobacter freundii from 220 samples collected from inpatients and outpatients suffering from urinary tract infection (UTI) and identified at the laboratory of the General Samarra Hospital in Samarra City, Iraq. The study was conducted to investigate some of the virulence factors produced by C. freundii. The results showed that 67 isolates were  belonging to the C. freundii, with a rate of  30.45%. Twenty eight samples were from inpatients (41.8%)  and 39 samples were from outpatients. The bacterial identification was based on cultural and biochemical tests and confirmed by using VITEK2 compact system. Virulence factor results showed that all isolates were not blood hydrolyzing whereas they produced protease. Seven isolates (10.4%) produced biofilm, five from inpatients and two from outpatients,  at rates of 17.8%  and 5.1%, respectively. The results showed that 17 (25.4%) of the pathogenic isolates were β-lactamase producers, as determined by the iodometric  method, twelve of them (17.9%) were from inpatients and 5 (7.5%) from outpatients.  Four isolates of C. freundii produced Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESβL) enzymes, three from inpatients and one from outpatients, with ratios of 4.5% and 1.4%, respectively. Also, the via B gene, which is responsible for virulence factors, was investigated using PCR. The results showed that 12 isolates from inpatients and 4 isolates from outpatients were harboring this gene. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby-Bauer’s method showed that all isolates that produced β-lactamase were resistant to antibiotics.

Schiff base compound 5-(benzylideneamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol was prepared from condensation reaction of 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole with benzaldehyde. New Schiff bases react with copper (II), Ferric (III), Cobalt (II) and Zinc (II) to form four complexes. The Schiff base complexes were identification by using FTIR and UV-VIS. The antibacterial activity of complexes (Copper (II) LM 1 , Ferric (III) LM 2 , Cobalt (II) LM 3 and Zinc (II) LM 4 complexes) were studied against Kocuria kristinae, Alloiococcus otiti and Aerococcus urinae as a model of Gram positive, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Ochrobactrum anthropic and Pantoea agglomerans as a model of Gram negative to determine the activity of synthesized complexes. Identification of these uncommon bacteria that isolated from urinary tract infection confirmed by using VITEK2 compact system. Several antibiotics have been chosen to investigate the ability of these isolates to resist the conventional antibiotic. The results showed higher activity of the new compounds relative to the chosen antibiotics.

Schiff base compound 5-(benzylideneamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol was prepared from condensation reaction of 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole with benzaldehyde. Schiff bases react with Copper(ӀӀ), Ferric(ӀӀӀ), Cobalt(ӀӀ) and Zinc(ӀӀ) to form four complexes. The Schiff base complexes were identification by using FTIR and UV-VIS. The antibacterial activity of complexes (Copper(ӀӀ), Ferric(ӀӀӀ), Cobalt(ӀӀ) and Zinc(ӀӀ)) were studied against S. aureus and S. epidermidis as a model of Gram positive, E. coli, P. mirabilis, C. freundii and P. aeruginosa as a Gram negative model to determine activity of synthesized complexes, after subjected them to some tests to confirm the identity of the pathogenic bacteria. Ten antibiotics (Ampicillin and Amoxicillin) have been chosen to investigate the ability of bacterial isolates to resistant the conventional antibiotic. Imipenem have been selected to contrast its efficiency with those of the new compounds because of its high efficiency. The results exhibited higher activity of the new compounds proportional to the chosen antibiotics.

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Haemolysin is a toxic extracellular protein produced by many gram negatives (e.g., E. coli, Serratia spp). Proteus spp., Vibrio spp., Pasteurella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and bacteria gram-positive (e.g., streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, listeria spp., Bacillus cerius, Titanium Clostridium), all possess the potential of a particular nurse. Hemolycin has therefore always been considered virulent, most red blood cell decompositions cause red blood cells to decompose by forming pores with different diameters in the membrane and are assigned as such because they have the ability to decompose red blood cells (RBCs). Many hemolycene can also attack -possibly by a similar mechanism -other mammalian cells. Because of this cellular effect, it is also called cytolysins (Goebel et al., 1988).Studies in the living body and in the laboratory have provided some evidence that hemolycin leads to excessive secretion of inflammatory mediators by immune cells that promote inflammation caused by other bacterial virulent factors. Hemolycin has been shown to stimulate the secretion of interleukin-1φ and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) from single human cells as early as a few decades ago, partially purified hemolycin has been shown to have metogenic ability However, some speculation has arisen that the toxins used in the studies may be contaminated by other factors that stimulate the glioblastoma of lymphocytes (Adam Bownik et al.,2008). Further studies on pure poison have shown that hemolycin actually stimulates the proliferation of human T and non-T lymphocytes.This property is usually maintained after the poison is disabled at 60°C for 10 minutes but in return, its hemolytic activity is reduced (Adam Bownik et al., 2008).

A 80 samples were collected from patients who were suffering from eyes infections in Samarra hospitals, Samarra city during the period from December 20, 2020 to January 20, 2021. All the samples were from male and female aged between 1–75 years. They were cultivated on selective and differential media in the laboratory and stained by gram stain. Some biochemical tests were done as confirmation diagnostic tests. There were 71 (88.75%) samples yielded positive growth that includes Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pneumonia 24 (30%), 16 (20%) and 9 (11.25%), respectively. The results show that 7 isolates of Haemophilus Influenzae, 6 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5 isolates of Escherichia coli with percentages (11.25%), (7.5%) and (6.25%) respectively. Four isolates with 5% of Candida albicans were isolated from eyes infections. The sensitivity of bacterial isolates was tested using 12 antibiotics that included quinolones, aminoglycosides, beta- lactams and tetracyclines antibiotics. Imipenem and levofloxacin were more effective than the rest of the antibiotics which range from medium to inactive. The antibacterial impact of alcoholic extracts of Camellia sinensis leaves and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on certain microbial infections were investigated. Results show that 100% concentration of alcoholic extract gives a high inhibitory effect on all isolated microbes in compares with NPs. The highest inhibition zone is S. aureus with a diameter of 35 mm and the less is 10 mm against S. pneumoniae. The alcoholic extract shows an effective result against C. albicans with a diameter of 15mm. At concentrations of 100% and 150%, zinc oxide nanoparticles inhibit S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans, respectively.

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