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This experiment was conducted to evaluate the eff ect of supplementation with lerak extract combined with mineral block on protozoal and bacterial population, and fermentation characteristic in vitro. The experimental design was completely randomized block design with 3 treatments and 4 replications. Control diet was a substrate that consisted of concentrate, forage and feed block with ratio 50 : 48 : 2, respectively. The treatments as a substrate were: control diet (C), C + 0.09% lerak extract, and C + 0.18% lerak extract from the total ration. Variables observed were protozoal and bacterial population, dry ma er and organic ma er degradability, N-NH 3 and total volatile fa y acid (VFA) concentration. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result showed that there were no signifi cant eff ect (P>0.05) for all parameter measured with lerak extract supplementation up to 0.18% in the presence of mineral block. However, supplementation of lerak extract 0.18% only slightly reduced protozoal numbers but tended to increase bacterial numbers. Dry ma er and organic ma er degradability and concentration of N-NH 3 were similar among treatments. Volatile fa y acids profi le changed which propionate tended to increase and acetate tended to decrease and ratio of acetate to propionate tended to decrease. In conclusion, addition of lerak extract up to 0.18% from total ration in the presence of mineral block was not yet eff ective to depress protozoal population, but could modify fermentation characteristic in vitro.

This research was done to study the effect of four essential oils (EOs), as feed additives, on ruminal nutrient digestibility in order to find out candidate of rumen modifier. Those four EOs were destilated from Foeniculum vulgare (Mill), Pinus merkusii (Jungh. & de Vriese), Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle and Melaleuca leucadendra (L.). Their effect on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) digestibility were studied using in vitro rumen fermentation technique according to Theodorou method. Data were statistically analysed using analysis of variance factorial 4x5 design. Feed for fermentation substrate consist of Pennisetum purpureum, rice bran and wheat pollard. Essential oil individually was added and mix with substrate to meet the final concentration in fermentation media of 0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/l. P. merkusii, C. nardus and M. leucadendra EOs reduced DM, OM, and CF digestibilities. The decreasing were in line with the increasing of EOs doses. Therefore F. vulgare only reduced CF digestibility. The value of DM, OM and CP digestibilities in fermentation with F. vulgare did not differ from control. CP digestibility differed among EO treatments. In F. vulgare, and P. merkusii, treatments, CP digestibility did not differ from control, whereas overall CP digestibility in C. nardus tended to be higher than control and CP digestibility in M. leucadendra was significantly higher. All EOs addition reduced CF digestibility at all level. CF digestibility in fermentation added 800 mg/l of M. leucadendra EO was slumped to only 14.29% of control. Among four EOs M. leucadendra is the most potent on interrupt rumen feed fermentation whereas P. merkusii and C. nardus in moderate ways and F. vulgare in delicate manner.

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek penambahan ekstrak kunyit sediaan cair (EKC) sebagai fitobiotik terhadap produksi karkas dan kualitas kimia daging ayam broiler. Penelitian dilakukan dengan rancangan percobaan acak lengkap pola searah. Ayam broiler 84 ekor dipelihara sejak usia 0 hingga 42 hari. Umur 0-14 hari diberi pakan komersial (ME: 3100 kcal/kg; CP 22%; Ca 1%; P 0,75%). Umur 15-21 hari diberi pakan campuran komersial dan basal (ME 3201,77 kcal/kg; CP 20,21%; Ca 0,90%; P 0,43%). Umur 22-42 hari dimulai perlakuan dengan diberi pakan basal. Tujuh perlakuan dibuat dengan masing-masing 3 replikasi dan 4 ekor di setiap replikasi, dengan formulasi pemberian EKC sebagai berikut; kontrol positif (P1), kontrol negatif (P2), air + EKC 2% (P3), air + EKC 4% (P4), air + EKC 6% (P5), air + EKC 8% (P6), dan air + EKC 10% (P7). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian EKC konsentrasi 10% menurunkan secara nyata (P<0,05) bobot potong dan konsentrasi 8% dan 10% menurunkan secara nyata (P<0,05) kadar air daging, tetapi tidak menunjukkan pengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap bobot karkas, persentase karkas, protein dan lemak daging.Kata Kunci: ayam broiler, fitobiotik, ekstrak kunyit cair, produksi karkas, daging ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research was to find out the effects of liquid turmeric extract (LTE) supplementation as a phytobiotic on carcass production and chemical quality of broiler chicken meat. The research is conducted with a directional pattern completely randomized design. Eighty-four broiler chickens were raised from day old (DOC) to 42 days old chick. From DOC to 14 days old chicks were fed with commercial feed (ME 3,100 kcal/kg; CP 22%; Ca 1%; P 0.75%). During 15-21 days of age given a commercial feed mixture and basal feed (ME 3,201.77 kcal/kg; CP 20.21%; Ca 0.90%; and P 0.43%). At 22-42 days old given treatments. Seven treatments were replicated 3 times consisted of 4 broiler chickens for each replication. The treatments were positive control (P1), negative control (P2), water + LTE 2% (P3), water + LTE 4% (P4), water + LTE 6% (P5), water + LTE 8% (P6), and water + LTE 10% (P7 weight and 8% until 10% dossage had a significant decrease (P<0.05) on the meat water content. However, it did not show a significant influence (P>0.05) on the carcass weight, carcass percentage, meat protein and fat content.

This study aimed to develop bioplastic from a combination of tapioca starch and casein, as well as to determine the physical characteristics, such as thickness, density, light transmittance, and opacity. The composition of the bioplastic was made from two types of casein, namely commercial casein and rejected milk casein, with a ratio of tapioca starch and casein consisting of 4 treatment groups (4:0, 3:1, 2.5:1.5, 2:2). Each treatment was repeated 6 times. The physical characteristics data obtained were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA completely randomized design variance analysis. If there is a difference, it is continued with the Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). The results showed that the ratio of starch and casein had a very significant effect on all test parameters (P<0.01). An increase in commercial casein (CC) and rejected milk casein (EMC) increased thickness and opacity, while density and light transmittance decreased. Based on the research, bioplastic can be made with a combination of different ratios of tapioca starch and casein types with the best result were at a ratio of 2:2 which produced a thickness of 0.29 mm, light transmittance of 20.03%, opacity of 2.51%, while the density had the smallest value at 0.15 gr/cm 3 . In conclusion, rejected milk casein could be used as biomaterial to make bioplastic combined with tapioca starch.

Red ginger is herb that commonly used as part of traditional medicine due to its essential oil content. Some essential oil have proven as rumen fermentation modifier. Addition of red ginger in ruminant diet was studied using in vitro gas production technique to evaluate its effect on nutrient digestibility. Red ginger meal was added to meet essential oil level in fermentation medium of 0 mg/l as control, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l. The diet consisted of Penisetum hybride, rice bran, wheat pollard in ratio 60:20:20 DM basis. Feed fermentation was incubated for 24 h at 39°C. At the end of incubation data of gas production volume was taken, and residual feed were collected for further nutrient analysis to calculate the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF). Variance analysis was used to analysis collected data, followed by DMRT analysis.  Addition of red ginger increase total volume of gas production at level 50 mg/L and above. DM and OM digestibility did not affected by red ginger addition whereas CP digestibility were significantly decreased start at level 50 mg/l. In contrast, CF digestibility of treatment level of 50 mg/l significantly higher than control. In conclusion, addition of red ginger correspond to level essential oil of 50 to 100 mg/l improve ruminal nutrient fermentation.

Swietenia mahagoni has been extensively studied and applied as feed additives, a strategy to manipulate rumen fermentation in reducing methanogenesis. The research aimed to determine the effect of using Swietenia mahagoni as tannin source on methane production, gas production kinetics and the diversity of methanogenic archaea by in vitro rumen fermentation. Swietenia mahagoni was given to substitute the elephant grass at levels of 0, 25, and 50%. Fermentation was carried out by in vitro gas production technique according to Menke and Steingass. Methane was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) methode. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis was used to detect changes of rumen methanogenic archaea diversity. Result showed that Swietenia mahagoni leaves with level 50% reduced methane production by 39,26% (P=0,08). Gas production from insoluble fraction (b) decreased as much as 47.23% from control with using Swietenia mahagoni leaves 50%. The uncultured methanoculles was dominating community member 36.35% with MspI, while uncultured euryarchaeote clone is 80.24% MCR-F1SP-1 with TaqI. Inclusion of Swietenia mahagoni as much as 50% in diet could decrease methane production, gas production from potential degraded fractions and diversity of methanogenic archaea.