Microbial Population and Fermentation Characteristic in Response to Sapindus rarak Mineral Block Supplementation

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the eff ect of supplementation with lerak extract combined with mineral block on protozoal and bacterial population, and fermentation characteristic in vitro. The experimental design was completely randomized block design with 3 treatments and 4 replications. Control diet was a substrate that consisted of concentrate, forage and feed block with ratio 50 : 48 : 2, respectively. The treatments as a substrate were: control diet (C), C + 0.09% lerak extract, and C + 0.18% lerak extract from the total ration. Variables observed were protozoal and bacterial population, dry ma er and organic ma er degradability, N-NH 3 and total volatile fa y acid (VFA) concentration. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result showed that there were no signifi cant eff ect (P>0.05) for all parameter measured with lerak extract supplementation up to 0.18% in the presence of mineral block. However, supplementation of lerak extract 0.18% only slightly reduced protozoal numbers but tended to increase bacterial numbers. Dry ma er and organic ma er degradability and concentration of N-NH 3 were similar among treatments. Volatile fa y acids profi le changed which propionate tended to increase and acetate tended to decrease and ratio of acetate to propionate tended to decrease. In conclusion, addition of lerak extract up to 0.18% from total ration in the presence of mineral block was not yet eff ective to depress protozoal population, but could modify fermentation characteristic in vitro.

Influence ofSalix BabylonicaExtract in Combination or not with Increasing Levels of Minerals Mixture onin VitroRumen Gas Production Kinetics of a Total Mixed Ration

“…The biological activities of organic substances other than sugars, fatty acids or amino acids, have been identified in plant extracts such Achillea millefolium, Arnica montana, Lavandula officinalis, Equisetum arvense, Fagopyrum esculatum, Sativa officinalis and Solidago virgaurea (Duke, 1992). Suharti et al (2010) found that addition of lerak (Sapindus rarak) fruit extract up to 0.18% from total ration in the presence of mineral block mixture was not effective to depress protozoa population, but could modify fermentation characteristics in vitro. From all above Salem et al one can infer that plant secondary metabolites at the optimum doses can enhance GP, degradability, and general fermentation kinetics.…”

“…Feeding animals on minerals mixture (MM) containing elements like Zn may activate the carbonic anhydrase enzyme which has, among others, the function of maintaining acid-base balance of rumen fluid in a normal pH (5.5 to 7.2) and making ruminal environments more stable and neutral, as stated by Owen and Goetsch (1998). However, there are limited reports on the effects of tree extracts combined with MM on ruminal gas production (GP) and nutrient digestibility (Suharti et al, 2010). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of using increasing levels of SB extract and a MM and their combination on in vitro GP and some ruminal fermentation parameters of a total mixed ration (TMR) made of concentrate with corn silage (50:50 DM basis).…”

Produksi NH3, Protein By Pass dan Sintesis Protein Mikroba dari Pod Kakao yang di Suplementasi Chromolaena odorata

“…Saponin merupakan detergen alami yang bermanfaat sebagai agen defaunasi protozoa (Wina et al, 2005). Penurunan jumlah protozoa yang bersilia akan meningkatkan aliran protein mikrob dari rumen, meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan pakan, dan mengurangi metanogenesis (Suharti et al, 2010). Ditambahkan oleh Lilis (2012), defaunasi meningkatkan aliran masuknya asam amino ke duodenum, serta efisiensi pertumbuhan meningkat dan aliran protein pakan ke organ pasca rumen akan lebih banyak jika protozoa tidak ada…”

“…Defaunasi dapat meningkatkan aliran protein ke organ pencernaan dibelakang rumen sebesar 18% (Merchen dan Titgemeyer, 1992). Penurunan jumlah protozoa yang bersilia akan meningkatkan aliran protein mikrob dari rumen, meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan pakan, dan mengurangi metanogenesis (Suharti et al, 2010).…”

Production of a water-soluble protein powder from anchovy and soybean meal by endogenous enzymatic hydrolysis and solid-state fermentation

“…For efficient use of anchovy proteins, other methods must be adapted for protein recovery, such as enzymatic hydrolysis, physical solutions, chemical solutions, and fermentation. Among these methods, enzymatic hydrolysis is widely used (Kim, Son, Maeng, Cho, & Kim, 2016;Suhartia, Kurniawatib, Astutia, & Wina, 2010). However, fermentation and especially SSF, has the characteristic of lower resource consumption and cost than enzymatic hydrolysis.…”