Influence ofSalix BabylonicaExtract in Combination or not with Increasing Levels of Minerals Mixture onin VitroRumen Gas Production Kinetics of a Total Mixed Ration

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of increasing levels of two feed additives composed of Salix babylonica (SB) extract and minerals mixture (MM) or their combination on in vitro gas production (GP) and dry matter (DM) degradability of total mixed ration (TMR; 50 concentrate: 50 corn silage, on DM basis). Combinations of four levels of SB extract (0, 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mL/g DM) with four levels of MM (0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 g/100 g DM) were evaluated in a completely random design. Samples of TMR (1 g) were weighed in 120 mL serum bottles with addition of SB extract and/or MM. Then, 10 mL of particle free ruminal fluid were added followed by 40 mL of the buffer solution. The GP was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. Addition of SB extract, without MM, increased (P<0.05) asymptotic GP (mL/g DM), the rate of GP (/h), GP and DM degradability (DMD). Addition of MM, without SB, increased (P<0.05) b and decreased c and ruminal pH. Increasing the levels of SB increased (P<0.05) b, c, L, and GP in addition to linearly increase (P<0.001) DMD. Increasing levels of MM increased (P<0.05) b and c while decreased pH. An interaction occurred between different SB extract and MM levels: the most effective levels of SB extract and MM on ruminal fermentation and kinetics were 1.8 mL SB extract/g DM and 2.5 g MM/100 g DM.

Addressing sustainable ruminal methane and carbon dioxide emissions of soybean hulls by organic acid salts

“…The in vitro GP technique has been used as a measure of ruminal degradation of feeds (Salem et al, 2014). The GP is generally a good indicator of digestibility, fermentability and microbial protein production.…”

The chemical composition and in vitro digestibility evaluation of almond tree (Prunus dulcis D. A. Webb syn. Prunus amygdalus; var. Shokoufeh) leaves versus hulls and green versus dry leaves as feed for ruminants

“…Ruminal fermentation of structural and non-structural carbohydrates produces gases, acetate, propionate and butyrate (Makkar et al 1995;Salem et al 2014;Rodriguez et al 2015). The rate and extent GP can be considered a good indicator of the digestibility and fermentability of feeds and microbial protein synthesis (Elahi et al 2014;Elghandour et al 2015a, b).…”

Antimicrobial resistance of three common molecularly identified pathogenic bacteria to Allium aqueous extracts

“…Aqueous extract was analyzed for its chemical compounds using GC/MS apparatus and the conditions of column oven and temperature program have been previously described in Refs. [17,18]. The identification of chemical compounds was done by matching their retention times and mass spectra with those reported in WILEY 09 [19] and NIST 11 Mass Spectral databases (Table 1).…”