Debate continues regarding the role of medial temporal lobe regions in object and scene processing. Considerable evidence indicates that the perirhinal cortex (PRC) plays an important role in the perception of objects—namely, in disambiguating complex objects that share conjunctions of features. These findings support a content‐specific view of medial temporal lobe functioning in which PRC is critically important for processing complex objects, while the parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and hippocampus (HC) may be selectively engaged during scene processing. However, emerging evidence from both animal and human studies suggest that the PRC is sensitive to spatial configural information as well as object information. In this fMRI study, we observed preliminary evidence for BOLD activation in the PRC during a complex visual discrimination task for objects and scenes, as well as robust activation for both stimulus types in PHC and HC. The results are discussed in light of a recent process‐based model of medial temporal lobe functioning.
In this paper, we review several task characteristics to explain why experts across domains differ in their level of skill (expertise). Domains may have low levels of professional competency because of difficulty measuring relevant outcomes, impoverished performance feedback, and lack of accurate assessment tools or decision aids. Acknowledging that domains differ furthers research on expertise because it elucidates some common controversies. For example, the role of nurture (job-relevant experience) versus nature (talent or pre-existing abilities) in skilled performance , and the problem that expert-level knowledge and fast decision-making do not always translate into superior performance across domains-the process -performance paradox. Moreover, recommendations for improving domain competence must take into account the underlying differences among domains to provide recommendations appropriate for the current level of competency exhibited by the professionals in the domain.
This study investigated the relationship between the Transformed School Counseling (TSC) initiative counselor educator programs, the perceptions of school principals hiring TSC-prepared school counselors, and factors affecting principal’s hiring practices. Results indicated that principal’s value TSC candidates because they: (a) have effective principal-counselor relationships that positively affect students, (b) exemplify leadership qualities, (c) align their work with the mission of the school, (d) have strong communication skills, and (e) do not require additional training.
Although the fast and frugal heuristics have been studied extensively, relatively little attention has been paid to how cues are generated to be used within the heuristics. The goal of this paper is to propose and test a memory-based model of how cues are generated and used in cue-based inferences. The current study advances theory by integrating the fast and frugal heuristics with HyGene, a memory-based model of how decision makers generate and evaluate hypotheses. Using archival data in which memory retrieval variables were not directly manipulated, we demonstrate that participants' cue selection behavior is consistent with memory-based retrieval. Further, by directly manipulating memory retrieval within a cue-based stock-forecasting task, we demonstrate that memory processes underlie cue use. Participants' cue use varied depending on the relationship between cue validity and the frequency with which the cues were seen during learning. The HyGene model provided the best account of the empirical data, providing further evidence for the critical role of memory in judgment and decision making.Note: The G 2 , delta BIC, and BF for each model was computed with respect to a random choice model. So lower G 2 and higher delta BIC and BF are indicative of better fit to Newell's data. The BF is derived from the delta BIC. AIC, Akaike information criterion; BF, Bayes factor; BIC, Bayesian information criterion.Memory-based Cue Generation 491 A. Lawrence et al.
Maladaptive repetitive thought (RT) is a transdiagnostic construct associated with several psychopathological disorders, including major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. However, not all forms of RT are maladaptive. Adaptive RT is characterized by primarily positive and concrete thought content, is usually focused on the present rather than the past or future, and frequently from a self-distanced perspective. From a behavioral therapy perspective, interventions that promote adaptive RT may interrupt or decrease engagement in maladaptive RT. In this review, we explore the distinction between adaptive and maladaptive RT and examine the utility of various forms of adaptive RT. Empirical evidence for several examples of adaptive RT (e.g., savoring, reminiscing, compassion, gratitude, mantra-based intervention) are provided, with demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of psychopathology or as components of empirically supported psychotherapies. Using adaptive RT therapeutically may be beneficial for those who are already predisposed to RT, either as an individual difference (e.g., neural default mode connectivity) or in response to a stressful life event. Recommendations for future research into adaptive RT and its potential utility in addressing maladaptive RT in vulnerable populations are discussed.
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