Background: The diagnostic test for malaria is mostly based on Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and detection by microscopy. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is also a sensitive detection method that can be considered as a diagnostic tool. The outcome of malaria microscopy detection depends on the examiner's ability and experience. Some RDT has been distributed in Indonesia, which needs to be evaluated for their results. Objective: This study aimed to compare the performance of RightSign RDT and ScreenPlus RDT for detection of Plasmodium in human blood. We used specific real-time polymerase chain reaction abTESTMMalaria qPCRII) and gold standard of microscopy detection method to measure diagnostic efficiency. Methods: Blood specimens were evaluated using RightSign RDT, ScreenPlus RDT, Microscopy detection, and RT-PCR as the protocol described. The differences on specificity (Sp), sensitivity (Sn), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were analyzed using McNemar and Kruskal Wallis analysis. Results: A total of 105 subjects were recruited. Based on microscopy test, RightSign RDT had sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, NPV, 100%, 98%, 98.2%, 100%, respectively. ScreenPlus showed 100% sensitivity, 98% specificity, 98.2% PPV, 100% NPV. The sensitivity of both RDTs became lower (75%) and the specificity higher (100 %) when using real-time PCR. Both RDTs showed a 100% agreement. RT-PCR detected higher mix infection when compared to microscopy and RDTs. Conclusion: RightSign and ScreenPlus RDT have excellent performance when using microscopy detection as a gold standard. Real-time PCR method can be considered as a confirmation tool for malaria diagnosis.
The diagnosis of viral dengue infection is very important for the management of dengue patients. In acute phase infection circulatingNS1 antigen can be detected in the sera of patients with dengue viral infection. This study is evaluating the NS1 antigen level in denguepatients using antigen captured ELISA Platelia TM Dengue NS1 Ag (Bio-Rad Laboratories). In this 30 examined dengue patients consistingof 3(10%) undifferentiated fever, 10(33.33%) dengue fever, 12(40%) DHF grade I, 2(6.66%) DHF grade II, 2(6.66%) DHF gradeIII, 1(3.33%) DHF grade IV. The result revealed that NS1 antigen was positive in 12 among 30 patients (40%) which were diagnosedas Dengue Viral infection based on 1997 WHO criteria. The sensitivity of NS1 antigen in these patients as confirmed with IgM andIgG antidengue serology test was 52.2%. The highest positivism of NS1 antigen was on the third day of fever. The results analyzed bySpearman correlation test revealed that there was no significant correlation between NS1 antigen level and the severity of dengue viralinfection. The cut-off value of quantitative NS1 antigen could not be determined because they were no significant correlation shown forNS1 antigen as the predictor for the severity of dengue viral infection. The conclusion of the study so far shown that the quantitativeNS1 antigen level could not be used as the predictor for the severity of dengue viral infection. The cut-off value of quantitative NS1antigen could not be determined because there were no significant correlation shown for NS1 antigen as the predictor for the severityof dengue viral infection.
The gold standard for TB still has some drawbacks, such as a long duration for culture examination and the rolated facilities are notalways available in all laboratories. One of methods in diagnosing tuberculosis infection is by immunochromatography (ICT). MYCOTECTB xp (recombinant) is one of serologic tests using immunochromatography principle. MYCOTEC TB xp uses recombinant antigens 38kDa, 16 kDa, 6 kDa and Early Secreted Antigen Target (ESAT-6). This method is expected so far diagnose TB in a short time and has ahigh accuracy. Evaluating the immunochromatography method in detecting antibody by tuberculosis antigen in lung TB patients as willthose with nonTB lung disease (lung tumor, bronchial asthma, pneumonia, chronic obstructive lungdisease). Serum samples of 30 TBpatients in BP4/Karang Tembok Hospital Surabaya and 30 non TB patients in the Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya. Detection of antibodyto tuberculosis antigen was done with MYCOTEC TB xp. In this study found is prond 30 TB patients using MYCOTEC TB xp was positivein 23 samples and negative in 7 samples. From the 30 nonTB patients MYCOTEC TB xp was positive in 4 samples and negative in 26samples. It can be uncloaded so far that the diagnostic sensitivity of MYCOTEC TB xp was 76.7% (23/30) and diagnostic specificity was86.7% (26/30). MYCOTEC TB xp has an intermediate diagnostic sensitivity of 76.7% and a high diagnostic specificity of 86.7%.
Burn is an injury to the skin or other tissue. Mostly, it caused by contacting with hot liquids, solids, and flames. The important thing that should be consider in burn incident is the severity of burn and it based on the depth and area of the burn injury. The severity of burns will cause differences of pathophysiological responses. This was a literature review study. Various articles were collected from online database including reports, journals, and published in the last 10 years. The articles were from the scholar journals. The systemic inflammatory response in severe level of burns was not given good response to disappear of lesion burn and initiating tissue repair. Moreover, it was given an organ failure to the patient. The body responded to this incident by releasing antiinflammatory mediators. This response is very strong and prolonged, so it caused immunosuppression and increase the risk of secondary infection to the patients. Burns affects the patient's immune system. The ratio between pro and antiinflammatory mediators are determining the patient's subsequent status.
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