The recent exploration of yacon demands scientific information for improving the crop production technology. This study aimed to set a leaf area estimate model for yacon plants, using non-destructive measurements of leaf length (L) and/or width (W). Sixty-four representative yacon plants were randomly selected in an experimental field during the full vegetative growth. One thousand leaves of various sizes were taken from those plants for setting and validating a model. The logarithmic model best fitted this purpose, the result of multiplying length by width being used as independent variable. Yacon leaf area can be determined with high precision and accuracy by LALW = (-27.7418 + (3.9812LW / ln LW ) , disregarding the leaf size.
ResumoObjetivou-se com este trabalho fazer uma revisão de literatura sobre o uso de resíduos de esgoto em sistemas de produção agroecológicos. O resíduo de esgoto é comumente chamado de lodo de esgoto e é um resíduo rico em matéria orgânica, originado durante o tratamento das águas residuárias nas Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETEs). Sua aplicabilidade na agricultura deve ser muito bem planejada, pois em sua constituição, além da matéria orgânica que traz benefícios diversos para o solo e as culturas, há a presença de metais pesados, elementos químicos de peso específico maior do que 5g.cm -3 ou número atômico maior que 20 e microrganismos patogênicos, que podem desenvolver doenças para o seu hospedeiro, quando em condições adequadas para sua sobrevivência e multiplicação. Com isso, a Resolução nº 375, de 29 de agosto de 2006, define que não é permitido o uso do lodo de esgoto para as olerícolas, pastagens, tubérculos e raízes, bem como seus derivados. Essa recomendação estende-se a todas as culturas em que suas partes comestíveis estão em contato com o solo. Caso haja a aplicação em uma determinada área, o período de espera para uma possível utilização para pastagem é de 24 meses. No caso de tubérculos, olerícolas, raízes e demais culturas, o período mínimo é de 48 meses. As melhores aplicabilidades do lodo de esgoto são o seu uso para recuperação de áreas degradadas e formulação de substratos para mudas de espécies florestais. Palavras-chave: Lodo. Matéria orgânica. Áreas degradadas. Substratos. IntroduçãoUm dos grandes problemas ambientais vivido atualmente refere-se à contaminação dos cursos d'água. Ao realizar o descarte de esgoto doméstico, sem qualquer tipo de tratamento, ocorre a contaminação da água que consumimos, bem como a degradação para os animais que ali vivem. Na busca por um planeta mais sustentável, deve-se buscar diminuir a produção de materiais poluidores, neste caso, a solução mais viável é o tratamento do esgoto (RANGEL et al., 2004).Ao realizar o tratamento do esgoto, gera-se um resíduo sólido, rico em matéria orgânica, que pode apresentar teores satisfatórios de nitrogênio, fósforo, zinco, cobre, ferro, manganês e molibdênio. Esse material contribui para um grave problema ambiental, devido à falta de um local adequado para sua disposição. As opções para a disposição final do lodo são a deposição florestal e oceânica, incineração, aterro sanitário e, na agricultura, como fertilizante orgânico. Entre essas alternativas, o
R. A. de-Sales, and A.H. de Oliveira-Carvalho. 2020. Yacon potato propagation from herbaceous cuttings with different numbers of buds. Int. J. Agric. Nat. Resour. The objective of this study was to evaluate yacon potato propagation from herbaceous cuttings with different numbers of buds. Therefore, an experiment was carried out in two phases. The first phase was carried out in a greenhouse with seedlings using a randomized complete block design with 40 replicates. The treatments consisted of varying the number of buds per cutting: two buds (T1), three buds (T2), or four buds (T3). The second phase was carried out in the field following a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates, and the treatments were the same as those used in the seedling phase. The following morphological characteristics were evaluated: number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, number of stems per plant, leaf dry mass, stems, rhizophores, tuberous roots, and tuberous root yield. The physiological characteristics evaluated were the relative chlorophyll content (FCI-Falker chlorophyll index), net CO 2 assimilation rate, leaf transpiration, stomatal conductance, internal CO 2 concentration, water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. It was observed that the seedlings from cuttings with 3 buds presented higher stomatal conductance (g s), which reflected their higher transpiration rates. The yacon potato presented the best vegetative and productive development when propagated by herbaceous cuttings with three buds.
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius [Poepp.] H. Rob., Asteraceae) is an Andean plant being explored as a functional food, due to high concentrations of fructooligosaccharides (FOS), a natural sweetener capable of reducing blood lipids and glucose levels, supporting prevention of chronic diseases, such as diabetes. Yacon commercial production is still being established, thus cropping practices and their impact on profitability are yet poorly explained. Improved planting recommendations are demanded, as it affects crop yield. In this background, a field trial was conducted to determine row spacing and plant populations for yacon production in tropical highland areas. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, in a split-plot scheme, where blocks were three row spacings (0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 m) and subplots covered three spacings between plants (0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 m), with four replicates. At harvest time, evaluations on accumulation of dry mass in the plant and tuber root production data (number, weight, total productivity, and per class) were made. Profitability indicators were estimated (gross income, operational profit, and benefit-cost ratio). Data suggest productive and economic variations among tested planting configurations, as an example higher productivity (31.5 t ha -1 ) and positive benefit-cost ratio (2.51) when using 1.0 m between rows and 0.4 m between plants for the conditions tested. These results point out the prospect to select better crop management practices for yacon, cutting costs, and increasing yield. Another key find was yacon's capacity to overcome intense drought and temperature stress, not previously documented for this crop. Therefore, yacon is a new crop with potential to boost farming income through crop diversification.
The interest in yacon has generated a demand for information that may enhance the production system. Among them are the studies on the different spatial arrangements of planting spacing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the production and yield of yacon cultivated in different arrangements, varying the spaces between the lines and the plants. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, being the parcels composed by three spacing between lines (0.80, 1.0 and 1.20 meters) and the subplots by three spacing between plants within the lines (0.40, 0.50 and 0.60 meters), distributed in 9 treatments with four replications. At harvest time, evaluations on the accumulation of dry mass in the plant and tuber root production data (number, weight, total productivity, and per class) were made. Profitability indicators were estimated (Gross Income, Operational Profit and Benefit-Cost ratio). The arrangements of 0.80 x 0.40 m and 1.00 x 0.50 m produced higher tuberous roots yield (37.5 and 39.8 t ha-1, respectively), but the arrangement 1.00 x 0. 50 m had a higher profit (US$ 13,854.91) and a better benefit-cost ratio (4.9), which is the most indicted.
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Norteadas pelo Projeto Político Pedagógico, as Salas Verdes são espaços não formais disseminadores de educação ambiental. A Sala Verde Caparaó vem, desde 2014, desenvolvendo práticas ambientais educativas. Relacionou-se essas práticas com as macrotendências pedagógicas da Educação Ambiental analisando os relatórios anuais do período entre 2014 a 2016. Foram identificadas atividades que vão desde a realização de palestras e mostras audiovisuais, visitas técnicas e até avaliações da sustentabilidade de agroecossistemas. A maioria das ações são categorizadas como pragmáticas, embora este espaço disseminador também tenha proposto atividades de cunho conservacionista e crítica.
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