Despite extensive efforts to control the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), it remains endemic in Western Java, Indonesia. To understand the limited effectiveness of HPAI control measures, it is important to map the complex structure of the poultry sector. The governance of the poultry value chain in particular, could play a pivotal role, yet there is limited information on the different chain governance structures and their impacts on HPAI control. This article uses value chain analysis (VCA), focusing on an in-depth assessment of governance structures as well as transaction cost economics and quantitative estimates of the market power of different chain actors, to establish a theoretical framework to examine biosecurity and HPAI control in the Western Java poultry chain. During the research, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key value-chain stakeholders, and the economic performance of identified actors was estimated. Results indicated the co-existence of four different poultry value chains in West Java: the integrator chain, the semi-automated slaughterhouse chain, the controlled slaughter-point chain, and the private slaughter-point chain. The integrator chain was characterized by the highest levels of coordination and a tight, hierarchical governance. In contrast, the other three types of value chains were less coordinated. The market power of the different actors within the four value chains also differed. In more integrated chains, slaughterhouses held considerable market power, while in more informal value chains, market power was in the hands of traders. The economic effects of HPAI and biosecurity measures also varied for the identified actors in the different value chains. Implementation of biosecurity and HPAI control measures was strongly related to the governance structure of the chain, with interactions between different chains and governance structures accentuating the risk of HPAI. Our findings highlight that a proper understanding of the chain governance structure is vital to improve the effectiveness of HPAI control measures, by making the interventions more specific and fit-for-purpose given the incentive structures present in different chains.

This study aims : (a) to analyze the factors that influence the production of great red chili farming, (b) to analyze major factors affecting the technical inefficiency of great red chili farming, and (c) to analyze the behavior of large red chili farmers in dealing with the risks of production and prices. Results showed that most variables, both technical and socio-economic variables in the model, had expected signs significantly. Some of the inputs reduced risk, such as use of seeds, fertilizer N, PPC and hired labor. Some other inputs generated. Average TE values either without or with entering element of risk were each of 0.83 and 0.82, but with different TE distribution. Total farmers achieving more than 0.80 of TE were (68.68%) without including the risks, and (71.71%) by incorporating risk. Great red chili farmers on prices were risk takers. It implies that the farmers with TE value less than 0.80 are the focused target of upgrading technical and managerial capabilities. Technology design and application in the future can be carried out by reducing excessive use of inputs and increasing limiting factors. Key words : technical efficiency, risk, stochastic frontier production function, great red chili ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk (a) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi usahatani cabai merah besar; (b) menganalisis faktor-faktor utama yang mempengaruhi in-efisiensi teknis dalam usahatani cabai merah besar; serta (c) menganalisis perilaku petani cabai merah besar dalam menghadapi risiko usahatani dan harga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar peubah baik yang sifatnya teknis maupun sosial ekonomi yang dimasukkan dalam model adalah memiliki tanda sesuai harapan dan sebagian signifikan. Beberapa input bersifat sebagai pengurang risiko seperti penggunaan benih, pupuk N, PPC, dan tenaga kerja luar keluarga, sedangkan beberapa input-input lainnya bersifat sebagai pembangkit risiko. Rata-rata nilai TE baik yang tanpa maupun dengan memasukkan unsur risiko masing-masing sebesar 0,83 dan 0,82, tetapi dengan sebaran TE yang berbeda. Proporsi petani yang mencapai TE lebih dari 0,80 masing-masing sebesar (68,68%) tanpa memasukkan risiko dan (71,71%) dengan memasukkan risiko. Perilaku petani cabai merah besar terhadap harga adalah berani mengambil risiko (risk taker). Implikasi kebijakan penting adalah

Shallot farming, as happens in all agricultural commodities, is always faced with risks. The risk often faced by shallot farmers is production risk which is a variation of output caused by external factors such as erratic weather and attacks of pests and diseases (such as wilt). Low crop productivity with increasing pest and disease attacks generally occurs in off-season. This study aims to analyze the production risk of shallots farming and also find effect of using shallot farming input toward the production risk. The method used in this study is a survey method. The location is determined by purposive. Data obtained through interviews with 380 randomly simple shallot farmers. The method used is coefficient of variation (CV) analysis and multiple linear regression analysis with heteroscedastic method. The results showed that the production risk of shallots farming on dry season higher than shallot farming on wet season. The production risk of shallots farming on dry are influenced by seed and adhesive, and the shallots farming on wet season are influenced by Female Household Labor, Phonska dan NPK Mutiara Fertilizer.

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Low productivity of pineapples in West Java Province is mainly due to the unfavorable climate and farmers' inability to adopt the technology fully. Objectives of the study were to analyze of technical efficiency and to examine the determinants of inefficiency by estimating land productivity, ratio of pineapple farm income to labor cost, R/C ratio, age, experience, education, total farmers' household members, membership of farmers' group, and intercropping practice. The study used data collected through a survey from 140 rural households in Subang Regency, West Java Province. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) results showed that pineapple production of farmers are technically inefficient with the mean technical efficiency level of 55.2 percent for CRS-DEA, 78.8 percent for VRS-DEA, and 70.4 percent for SE-DEA, respectively. Land productivity, R/C ratio, and farmers' group membership influenced negatively and significantly on inefficiencies. Intercropping practice affected significantly the technical inefficiency of pineapple production. The findings suggested that improving pineapple production is possible by applying monoculture cultivation and supporting farmers' group activities. Fully applied good agricultural practice (GAP) will enhance land productivity and R/C ratio. Keywords: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), technical efficiency, Tobit regression analysis ABSTRAKRendahnya produktivitas produksi nanas di Provinsi Jawa Barat umumnya disebabkan faktor iklim dan ketidakmampuan petani untuk menggunakan teknologi seutuhnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis tingkat efisiensi teknis dan untuk menguji faktor yang menentukan inefisiensi teknis dengan mengestimasi produktivitas lahan, rasio pendapatan nanas terhadap biaya tenaga kerja, rasio R/C, umur, pengalaman, pendidikan, jumlah anggota keluarga, anggota kelompok tani, dan pola tanam tumpangsari. Penelitian ini menggunakan data yang didapatkan dari survei 140 rumah tangga petani di Kabupaten Subang, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Hasil Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) menunjukkan bahwa petani tidak efisien secara teknis dalam produksi nanas dengan rata-rata tingkat efisiensi teknis masing-masing sebesar 55,2 persen untuk model CRS-DEA, 78,8 persen untuk model VRS-DEA dan 70,4 persen untuk model SE-DEA. Model regresi Tobit dalam menghitung faktor yang menentukan inefisiensi teknis mengungkapkan bahwa produktivitas lahan, rasio R/C, dan keanggotaan kelompok tani memiliki pengaruh yang negatif dan signifikan, sedangkan aplikasi pola tanam tumpangsari berpengaruh positif dan signifikan pada inefisiensi teknis produksi nanas. Temuan ini menyarankan produksi nanas di lokasi penelitian akan meningkat secara signifikan dengan mengaplikasikan pola tanam monokultur, mendukung kegiatan kelompok tani, serta meningkatkan produktivitas lahan dan rasio R/C dengan mengaplikasikan GAP sepenuhnya.

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INTRODUCTIONThe Indonesian agricultural and food policy debate, and most research literature on the topic, has for decades been rice-centric. Yet rice is only one part of Indonesia's food economy, and it is increasingly being eclipsed in consumer food budgets by other product categories. In 2010, urban consumers in Indonesia spent 16% of their food budgets on rice, 15% on fruit and vegetables, and 22% on animal proteins (meat, fish, eggs, and dairy). Rural consumers spent 24%, 17%, and 20%, respectively ). Yet these important diversification products have received little coverage in the policy debate.

Research on strategy implementation has been developed for three decades, yet only a few studies focus on factors affecting poor strategy implementation. This research evaluates the influence of strategy implementation problems on strategy implementation success and firm performance. This survey was conducted in 60 Indonesian companies and the data were statistically analysed using Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square (SEM PLS). The results show significant influence of strategy implementation problems on the degree of successful strategy implementation and perceived firm performance. The seven major obstacles that have impact on poor strategy implementation are: problems related to corporate scorecard, key performance indicators, information technology, competence, performance appraisal, strategy management office, and financial support.