Hardware transactional memory implementations are becoming increasingly available. For instance, the Intel Core TM i7 4770 implements Restricted Transactional Memory (RTM) support for Intel Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX). In this paper, we present a detailed evaluation of RTM performance and energy expenditure. We compare RTM behavior to that of the TinySTM software transactional memory system, first by running microbenchmarks, and then by running the STAMP benchmark suite. We find that which system performs better depends heavily on the workload characteristics. We then conduct a case study of two STAMP applications to assess the impact of programming style on RTM performance and to investigate what kinds of software optimizations can help overcome RTM's hardware limitations.

Transactional memory (TM) promises to unlock parallelism in software in a safer and easier way than lock-based approaches but the path to deployment is unclear for several reasons. First of all, since TM has not been deployed in any machine yet, experience of using it is limited. While software transactional memory implementations exist, they are too slow to provide useful experience. Existing hardware transactional memory implementations, on the other hand, can provide the efficiency required but they require a significant effort to integrate in cache coherence infrastructures or freeze critical policy parameters. This paper proposes the LV* (lazy versioning and eager/lazy conflict resolution) class of hardware transactional memory protocols. This class of protocols has been implemented with ease of deployment in mind. LV* can be integrated with low additional complexity in standard snoopy-cache MESI-protocols and can be accommodatedin a directory-based cache coherence infrastructure. Since the optimal conflict resolution policy (lazy or eager) depends on transactional characteristics of workloads, LV* supports a set of conflict resolution policies that range from LazEr -a family of Lazy versioning Eager conflict resolution protocolsto LL-MESI which provides lazy resolution. We show that LV* can be hosted in a MESI protocol through straightforward extensions and that the flexibility in the choice of conflict resolution strategy has a significant impact on performance.

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Objectives: To test the hypothesis that there is no association between sagittal maxillomandibular relationship and pharyngeal airway passage dimensions. Materials and methods: Lateral cephalograms of 90 subjects were used to measure the upper pharyngeal airway. The subjects were divided into three groups (each group included 30 subjects) according to ANB angle: Class III (ANB < 0.7°); Class I (ANB > 0.7° and < 4.7°); Class II (ANB > 4.7°). All lateral cephalograms were traced manually. Results: The results showed a significant reduction in the upper airway at the level of nasopharynx and oropharynx and the airway showed a tendency to decrease from Class III to Class I and Class I to Class II. Conclusion: Sagittal skeletal pattern had a close association between the pharyngeal airway passage and the dimensions of the pharyngeal airway passage. The dimensions of pharyngeal airway passage were decreased from Class III to Class I and Class I to Class II subjects.

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the role of smile in overall facial esthetics. Materials and methods: The sample comprised of photographs taken in natural head position of 100 normal Himachali subjects (50 males, 50 females) and they were divided in 3 age groups: Group I consisiting of 39 subjects aged (15-20) years, Group II consisiting of 35 subjects aged (21-24) years, Group III consisiting of 26 subjects aged (25-29) years. The various parameters were analyzed using the clever ruler software: Upper lip length during rest and smiling, lower lip length during rest and smiling, smile index, buccal corridor, upper lip thickness, lower lip thickness, interlabial gap, incisal display, widest visible maxillary display and intercommissural width. Student t-test and using oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the mean of different groups. Results: The results showed changes in the maxillary incisal display, interlabial gap and smile index were highly significant from Group I to Group III. There was a decrease of 2.2 mm in maxillary incisal display and 2.0 mm in interlabial gap whereas smile index showed an increase of 0.7 mm with the increasing age. Conclusion: It has been concluded from the study that with the increasing age, the smile gets wider transversely and narrow vertically.