OBJETIVO: verificar o desempenho da resolução temporal em crianças portadoras de desvio fonológico. MÉTODOS: a área de estudo foi uma clínica escola de Fonoaudiologia de uma universidade particular do Recife e teve como participantes 36 crianças, de 6 a 9 anos, subdivididas em um grupo experimental (com desvio fonológico) e um grupo controle. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado o Teste de detecção de intervalos aleatórios proposto por Keith e a análise quantitativa dos dados foi realizada com o SPSS 13 para a aplicação de técnicas de estatística descritiva. RESULTADOS: 94,5% das crianças com desvio fonológico apresentaram resultados alterados para o RGDT, os resultados mostram limiares de detecção de intervalos aleatórios maiores no grupo com desvio fonológico (25,00 a 28,33 ms); tendo sido significativa a diferença entre grupos para cada uma das freqüências testadas; não houve influência das variáveis: freqüência, sexo, idade e série escolar; o tratamento fonoaudiológico não foi um fator determinante; as queixas de aprendizagem mais referidas foram: dificuldade de leitura e dificuldade de compreensão de textos. CONCLUSÃO: crianças com desvio fonológico podem apresentar alteração de processamento temporal e necessitam de mais tempo para detecção de intervalos de tempo entre estímulos auditivos que as crianças sem desvio fonológico. De maneira geral, em ambos os grupos, não houve influência das variáveis: freqüência, sexo, idade, série escolar ou ocorrência de tratamento fonoaudiológico. As queixas de aprendizado podem estar presentes nas crianças com desvio fonológico e alteração de processamento temporal.

Background The resilience construct is of increasing interest in clinical and health psychology. The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) is a measure of protective factors. The evidence supporting its construct validity is good, however evidence of cross-cultural validity is modest.The present study explored the factorial invariance of the RSA across a Brazilian and a Norwegian sample, as well as the construct validity in the Brazilian sample.MethodsThe Brazilian sample (N = 222) completed the Hopkins Symptom Check List-25 (HSCL-25), the Sense of Coherence (SOC), and the RSA. The Norwegian sample (N = 314) was included in order to examine the factorial invariance.ResultsThe results indicated that the latent constructs of the RSA (its primary factors) are the same in the Brazilian sample as in the Norwegian sample. The correlations between the subscales of the RSA were significant. In the Brazilian sample, the correlations with HSCL-25 and SOC were negative and positive, respectively, thus supporting its construct validity.ConclusionThe results indicate that the original factor structure of the RSA based on Norwegian samples remains stable in a Brazilian sample.

ResumoO presente estudo investigou se as variáveis 'processamento fonológico' (memória de trabalho fonológica e consciência fonológica), 'nomeação seriada rápida' e 'consciência morfológica' contribuem de forma independente umas das outras para a leitura e a escrita no português brasileiro, após o controle da idade e da inteligência não verbal. Participaram da pesquisa 94 crianças matriculadas na 3 a série (quarto ano) do ensino fundamental de três escolas particulares. Os resultados de análises de regressão hierárquica indicaram que o processamento fonológico, a nomeação seriada rápida e a consciência morfológica apresentaram contribuições independentes para a habilidade de escrita. Porém, no que diz respeito à precisão e à fluência de leitura, apenas o processamento fonológico e a nomeação seriada rápida contribuíram para essas habilidades. Palavras chave: Consciência fonológica, memória de trabalho fonológica, nomeação seriada rápida, consciência morfológica, leitura e escrita. AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the independent contribution of phonological processing (phonological awareness and phonological working memory), rapid naming and morphological awareness to reading and writing skills in Brazilian Portuguese. Ninety-four third-graders of three private Brazilian schools took part in this study. Hierarchical regression analyses were carried out on measures of reading (accuracy and fluency) and writing skills controlling for age and intelligence. The results showed an independent contribution of phonological processing, rapid naming and morphological awareness for writing skill. However, the results for measures of reading accuracy and reading fluency indicated that only phonological processing and rapid naming made independent contributions for such skills.

This study examined links between parents’ and children’s interactive style at home and children’s social competence among peers defined in terms of both prosocial, aggressive, and isolate behavior and social success at school. Participants were 34 children (7–9 years of age) who were observed at home and videotaped twice during 10 min free-play dyadic interactions separately with their mother and father over a 2-week period. Interactions were coded on global measures of positive, negative, controlling, disconfirming, and correcting behaviors and neutral conversation. Sociometric techniques based on peer nominations were used to assess children’s behavioral orientations and social success at school. The structural relationship of the parental behavior categories and the links among this structure and children’s social competence among peers were analyzed both by traditional statistical methods and multidimensional scaling techniques. Mothers’ negative interactions and disconfirming correlated negatively with prosociality and positively with aggression, which in turn associated negatively with mothers’ involvement in neutral conversation. Popular children were situated in a relationship structure where mothers were less controlling, less negative, less correcting, and less disconfirming and displaying more positive behavior than was the case for rejected and average children. There were few associations among fathers’ interactions and children’s social competence. Nevertheless, when a multidimensional scaling approach was used rejection appeared to be located within a harsh relationship with both parents. Children who were negative, controlling, and disconfirming when interacting with their parents at home, and who were more aggressive to peers, were more rejected at school.

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A empatia foi objeto de estudo de diversos campos do saber, como a estética, a Filosofia, a Sociologia e a Psicologia. No que se refere a esta última, a empatia tem sido discutida e investigada principalmente por pesquisadores das áreas clínica, social e do desenvolvimento. O objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre a empatia, enfocando aspectos teóricos, conceituais e metodológicos. Inicialmente, serão levantadas questões sobre a polissemia do termo empatia, sobre as controvérsias a respeito da dimensionalidade desse constructo e alguns problemas teórico-metodológicos atuais nesse campo de estudos. Em seguida, serão apresentadas as principais estratégias de investigação usadas na pesquisa sobre a empatia e os resultados de estudos empíricos que abordam reações afetivas vicárias, caracterizadas como sentimentos empáticos. Por fim, serão tecidas algumas considerações a respeito da necessidade de resolução dos problemas teórico-metodológicos citados, da realização de mais trabalhos empíricos e teóricos sobre a empatia no Brasil e das perspectivas futuras de investigação da empatia.

The present study aimed to investigate if play resources modify the strategies used by hospitalized children to cope with emotions of anger and sadness. Thirty-six 6-and 10-years old children, divided into two control groups, inside and outside the hospital, and one experimental group (inside the hospital), were assessed. They were all submitted to pre and post tests that analysed how these children justified ways to stop feeling angry and sad in a hospitalization situation. In only one of the groups a play activity was developed with suggestions for more elaborated strategies. The results showed that strategies varied according to play activity; that there were no observed variations according to age and gender; that testing itself was considered a play activity and may enable changes in hospitalized children.

Up until now research studies carried out on abused children have rarely taken in consideration the impact of maltreatment on the locus of control; furthermore results concerning the distribution of attachment internal models in this population are inconclusive. In addition, no study has ever taken in consideration the differential role of attachment and time of exposure to stress in the formation of attributive styles. This research work involved 60 maltreated children and 100 controls with the purpose of evaluating the associations between their attachment and age as for their locus of control. Internal Working Models were assessed by SAT and locus of control by the Nowicki-Strickland Scale. Results highlight mainly external locus of control and disorganized and avoidant IWMs in abused children. Furthermore, age was more predictive than attachment for locus of control. By contrast, in the control group at both age taken in consideration attachment was predictive of locus of control. Results are discussed in terms of problematic symptoms associated to maltreatment.