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According to these results, 12 weeks of moderate load IMT resulted in improved sleep quality, but there were no significant repercussions on functional capacity to exercise or excessive daytime sleepiness.

The questionnaire showed high internal consistency and moderate reliability. Furthermore, a model with two factors seems to be the most appropriate to evaluate the quality of sleep in adolescents.

Purpose: Exercise programs have been considered as an adjuvant treatment in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, few studies have focused on the effects of the inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in reducing the severity and the symptoms of OSA. Patients and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted and approved by the local Ethics Committee. All subjects signed the informed consent form and were randomized into 2 groups: a) IMT group (n = 8), 8 weeks of IMT with 75% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and b) placebo group (n = 8): subjects performed IMT without load. Results: IMT group showed reduction in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) (p = 0.01), in the Berlin questionnaire score (p = 0.001) and an increase in inspiratory muscle strength (p = 0.018). IMT group demonstrated a reduction in the AHI (31.7 ± 15.9 events/h vs 29.9 ± 15.8 events/h; p <0.001), in the Berlin questionnaire scores (2.6 ± 0.5 vs 1.2 ± 0.5; p = 0.016), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score (7.2 ± 3.6 vs 3.7 ± 1.3; p = 0.008), in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) (12.5 ± 4.0 vs 7.7 ± 3.0; p = 0.008) and increase in MIP (83.6 ± 26.5 cmH 2 O and 127.9 ± 32.5 cmH 2 O; p = 0.010). Conclusion: The IMT promotes discrete changes in the AHI and improves sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness in OSA. Moreover, IMT is a cheap, useful and simple homebased training program and can be considered as an adjunct therapy for OSA patients.

original RESUMOIntrodução. O sono é um processo fisiológico natural, que exerce um importante papel na restauração de energia, na concentração, na consolidação da memória e nos processos de aprendizagem. O presente estudo teve por objetivo comparar a qualidade do sono e sonolência diurna dos estudantes universitários de duas áreas do conhecimento, área de exatas e saúde. Método. A amostra foi composta por 173 estudantes universitários. Para a coleta dos dados foram utilizados dois questionários autoaplicáveis, o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI) e a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESE). Para análise estatística, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado e o teste t Student para amostras independentes, sendo considerado como nível de significân-cia estatística um p<0,05. Resultados. Verificou-se que tanto os estudantes de saúde como os estudantes de exatas apresentaram, em sua maioria, uma má qualidade do sono, no entanto, a comparação entre a qualidade do sono dos estudantes não apresentou significância. Conclusão. Desta forma, os escores elevados de má qualidade do sono e de sonolência diurna excessiva presentes na população estudada, podem estar relacionados não somente aos horários irregulares e às altas demandas acadêmicas, como também, ao uso do computador no horário noturno, adentrando a madrugada, em atividades não relacionadas à Universidade, como redes sociais e jogos eletrônicos. Unitermos. Transtornos do Sono, Estudantes, Qualidade do Sono.Citação. Carvalho TMCS, Silva Junior II, Siqueira PPS, Almeida JO, Soares AF, Lima AMJ. Qualidade do Sono e Sonolência Diurna Entre Estudantes Universitários de Diferentes Áreas. ABSTRACTIntroduction. Sleep is a natural physiological process which plays an important role in restoring energy, concentration, in memory consolidation and learning processes. The present study aimed to compare the quality of sleep and daytime sleepiness of college students in two areas of knowledge, the exact sciences and healthcare. Method. The sample consisted of 173 college students. To collect data, we used two questionnaires self applicable, the Index of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Statistical analysis used the chi-square test, being considered as level of statistical significance p <0.05. Results. Both group of students presented mostly poor quality of sleep, however, the comparison between the sleep quality of the students was not significant. Conclusion. Thus, high scores of poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness in the population studied may be related not only to the irregular hours and the high academic demands, but also to computer use in the evening hours, entering the night, in activities not related to the University, such as social networking and games.

Background: Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are both associated with the prevalence of major cardiovascular illnesses and certain common factors they are considered responsible for, such as stress oxidative increase, sympathetic tonus and resistance to insulin. Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on oxidative stress and adiponectin levels in obese patients with and without OSA. Methods: Twenty-nine obese patients were categorized into 3 groups: group 1: 10 individuals without OSA (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI ≤5) who did not have OSA diagnosed at polysomnography; group 2: 10 patients with moderate to severe OSA (AHI ≧20) who did not use CPAP; group 3: 9 patients with moderate to severe OSA (AHI ≧20) who used CPAP. Results: Group 3 showed significant differences before and after the use of CPAP, in the variables of diminished production of superoxide, and increased nitrite and nitrate synthesis and adiponectin levels. Positive correlations were seen between the AHI and the superoxide production, between the nitrite and nitrate levels and the adiponectin levels, between superoxide production and the HOMA-IR, and between AHI and the HOMA-IR. Negative correlations were found between AHI and the nitrite and nitrate levels, between the superoxide production and that of nitric oxide, between the superoxide production and the adiponectin levels, between AHI and the adiponectin levels, and between the nitrite and nitrate levels and the HOMA-IR. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the use of CPAP can reverse the increased superoxide production, the diminished serum nitrite, nitrate and plasma adiponectin levels, and the metabolic changes existing in obese patients with OSA.

In this sample of obese subjects with untreated OSAS, lung function, inspiratory muscle strength, and exercise tolerance were all below normal. In addition, we found that a decline in lung function, but not in respiratory muscle strength, was associated with exercise tolerance in these patients.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of headache and its interference in the activities of daily living (ADL) in female adolescent students. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study enrolled 228 female adolescents from a public school in the city of Petrolina, Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil, aged ten to 19 years. A self-administered structured questionnaire about socio-demographic characteristics, occurrence of headache and its characteristics was employed. Headaches were classified according to the International Headache Society criteria. The chi-square test was used to verify possible associations, being significant p<0.05. RESULTS: After the exclusion of 24 questionnaires that did not met the inclusion criteria, 204 questionnaires were analyzed. The mean age of the adolescents was 14.0±1.4 years. The prevalence of headache was 87.7%. Of the adolescents with headache, 0.5% presented migraine without pure menstrual aura; 6.7%, migraine without aura related to menstruation; 1.6%, non-menstrual migraine without aura; 11.7%, tension-type headache and 79.3%, other headaches. Significant associations were found between pain intensity and the following variables: absenteeism (p=0.001); interference in ADL (p<0.001); medication use (p<0.001); age (p=0.045) and seek for medical care (p<0.022). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of headache in female adolescents observed in this study was high, with a negative impact in ADL and school attendance.