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Oil palm's empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as the waste from oil palm industry is one of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks for a potential second-generation bioethanol production. Pretreatment process is a key process for producing bioethanol. OPEFB treated is expected to give better properties used for bioethanol production. This research aims to study the effect of pretreatment process by combining chemical and irradiation to OPEFB's properties as raw materials in the hydrolysis reaction producing sugars which will be fermented into ethanol. The raw materials are characterized in term of crystallinity, chemical structure, chemical content, and surface morphology. Analysis results of chemical content showed that cellulose and hemicellulose content increased significantly while lignin content decreased significantly after pretreatment. The crystallinity measured by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) showed that after pretreatment, their crystallinity index and the crystallite size increased significantly. While, the surface morphology and composition shown by Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) showed the changing in morphology surface and dominantly composed by carbon and oxygen.

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Abstract.A various of metal supported into natural zeolite was prepared via wet impregnation method. The transition metals impregnated are nickel, cobalt, copper and zinc. The catalytic properties both of physical and chemical properties were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermo Gravimetri Analysis (TGA)-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Surface Area Analyzer-Porositymeter and also gravimetry method for acidity measurement following by the adsorption of organic bases. The results showed that different metals impregnated into natural zeolite affected physical and chemical properties, i.e. crystalinity, surface area, pore size, pore volume and acidity. Their catalytic activity was tested for conversion ethanol to gasoline and showed high conversion up to 80-90% with the aromatics as major product.

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