Pillared
clay-supported NiMo catalysts were synthesized in their
reduced and sulfided forms and applied to the hydrodeoxygenation of
guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) as a bio-oil model compound. The sulfided
catalyst displayed better activity and selectivity as compared to
the reduced catalyst, yielding phenol as the major product. Quasielastic
neutron scattering demonstrated that jump diffusion of guaiacol was
seen after adsorption on both the sulfide catalyst and pillared clay.
Inelastic neutron scattering was carried out in conjunction with an
infrared study and reveal that there were two types of interaction
of guaiacol with the catalyst. The first is guaiacol adsorbed via
various types of H-bonding interaction, as observed in the sulfided
catalyst. The second type of interaction is guaiacol adsorbed on the
surface, presumably at a Mo vacant site, by chemisorption through
formation of a methoxyphenate species as seen in the reduced catalyst.
The interactions were greater in the sulfided catalyst by which guaiacol
was selectively adsorbed in coordination with the Ni–Mo–S
site.
Graphite is a critical material for lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes. However, its fabrication using a simple route and sustainable carbon sources still remains a great challenge. In this current work, we fabricate high graphitic carbon from coconut coir waste by combining potassium hydroxide (KOH) and a Ni-based catalyst in a one-pot graphitization process. The graphitic carbon (1200-ANi-KOH) shows good electrochemistry performance as the anode of LIB with a specific capacity of 397.60 mA h/g, exceeding commercial graphite (339.90 mA h/g) and a high graphitic degree of I G /I D (1.99) with a surface area of 162.31 m 2 /g. The synergistic effect of K and Ni metal interaction with amorphous carbon promotes internal heating and catalytic graphitization, resulting in an ordered carbon structure and a greater area of graphitic structure. Ion diffusion in the graphite interlayer was found to be the dominant ion storage mechanism at 1200-ANi-KOH, which is comparable to the commercial graphite mechanism. Finally, this simple one-pot graphitization process succeeded in converting coconut coir waste into a graphitic material with a high graphitization degree and excellent LIB anode performance.
Oil palm's empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as the waste from oil palm industry is one of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks for a potential second-generation bioethanol production. Pretreatment process is a key process for producing bioethanol. OPEFB treated is expected to give better properties used for bioethanol production. This research aims to study the effect of pretreatment process by combining chemical and irradiation to OPEFB's properties as raw materials in the hydrolysis reaction producing sugars which will be fermented into ethanol. The raw materials are characterized in term of crystallinity, chemical structure, chemical content, and surface morphology. Analysis results of chemical content showed that cellulose and hemicellulose content increased significantly while lignin content decreased significantly after pretreatment. The crystallinity measured by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) showed that after pretreatment, their crystallinity index and the crystallite size increased significantly. While, the surface morphology and composition shown by Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) showed the changing in morphology surface and dominantly composed by carbon and oxygen.
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