This paper investigates how efficient are the Higher Education Institutions (HEI) in Brazil, and which institutionpublic or privateis more efficient in the production of knowledge. In addition, it was also verified the determinants of performance of Brazilian students in Higher Education. We estimated a Stochastic Production Function of Education for the Brazilian HEI based on information from the Higher Education Census of 2006 and the National Examination of Performance Evaluation of Student (Enade) of 2007. By using the difference between the scores of first-year and last-year college students of National Examination of Performance Evaluation of Student (Enade) aggregated by HEI as a product in the Stochastic Production Function, it was possible to contribute with a new element to the literature devoted to the estimation of the Production Function of Education. The results show that the characteristics of institutions are the variables that best explain their performance. Additionally, public institutions are more inefficient than private ones.
The aim of this study was to identify the effects of early childhood education (ECE) on literacy scores of 2nd grade students in elementary school. To do that, the Provinha Brasil was administered in Sertãozinho-SP, in conjunction with a socioeconomic questionnaire. Despite external validity problems, the evaluation of the effects of ECE in one municipality is advantageous, as we can estimate the effects of one kind of treatment. Other studies ignore this fact. Often, they estimate an average effect of various treatments effects (not just one), as they use data from different municipalities where ECE programs have different levels of quality. The OLS and Propensity Score Matching results show that students who started school at the ages of 5, 4, and 3 years had literacy scores between 12.22 and 19.54 points higher than those who began school at the age of 6 years or later. Keywords ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os efeitos da Educação Infantil (EI) sobre os escores de alfabetização dos alunos da 2º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Para isso, a Provinha Brasil foi aplicada em Sertãozinho-SP, juntamente com um questionário socioeconômico. Apesar dos problemas de validade externa, a avaliação dos efeitos da EI em um único município é vantajosa, já que se podem estimar os efeitos de um determinado tratamento. Vários estudos ignoram esse fato. Muitas vezes é estimado um efeito médio de vários efeitos de tratamento e não apenas um, já que usam dados de diferentes municípios onde a EI tem diferentes níveis de qualidade. Os resultados por OLS e Propensity Score Matching mostram que alunos que ingressaram com 5, 4, e 3 anos de idade, obtiveram escores de alfabetização cerca de 6% maiores do que os obtidos pelos que ingressaram na escola com 6 anos ou mais.
ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho é verificar se as famílias consideram o diferencial de produtividade educacional entre os setores privado e público (em termos de proficiências) ao decidirem sobre a escola de seus filhos. As funções de produção educacionais estimadas pelo modelo de Heckman revelam um diferencial de produtividade em favor do setor privado. Um aumento nos diferenciais de proficiências em matemática e leitura aumenta a probabilidade de as famílias escolherem o setor privado. Além disso, quanto maior a diferença de nível socioeconômico e do percentual de brancos entre os setores privado e público locais factíveis, maior é a probabilidade de a família optar pelo primeiro.Palavras-chave: Escolha do Setor Educacional; Diferencial de Produtividade Inter-setorial em Educação; Modelo de Heckman; Probit. AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to verify whether families take into account the educational productivity differentials between the private and public sectors (in terms of proficiency) when deciding on their children's schools. The production functions for each sector using Heckman Model revealed a productivity differential in favor of the private sector. An increase on the performance differential in Mathematics and Reading increases the odds of families choosing the private sector. Also, the higher the proportion of white students and the greater the difference in socioeconomic status of students in the private sector compared to public sector, the more likely a family will choose the private sector.
RESUMOA aplicação do Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes (Enade) para alunos ingressantes trouxe um signifi cativo avanço para a avaliação do ensino superior no país: a possibilidade do cálculo de uma medida de valor agregado do curso, o Indicador de Diferença entre os Desempenhos Esperado e Observado (IDD). Uma proposta para a melhoria da avaliação do ensino superior brasileiro, porém, seria a utilização dos resultados do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem) como baseline para o cálculo do IDD. Haveria um aumento da efi ciência devido à não aplicação do Enade para alunos ingressantes, reduzindo custos. Já o aumento da efi cácia se daria em razão da obtenção de um baseline melhor, em virtude dos fortes incentivos para fazer a prova. Neste estudo, analisou-se a possibilidade de se utilizar os resultados do Enem, como alternativa aos resultados do Enade dos ingressantes, para o cálculo
PurposeOrganic food has additional quality attributes compared to those found in conventional food, such as environmental responsibility and health benefits. Information about these attributes is scarce and complex, the assortment of organic foods is deficient and there are fewer places that sell this kind of food. These factors increase the uncertainty and the transaction costs (TCs) for potential organic fresh fruit and vegetable (FFV) consumers. This paper aims to show the influence of these costs on the intensity of organic FFV consumption, particularly among high-income consumers.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical strategy was based on a survey, and data were collected by administering a structured online questionnaire among residents of the Brazilian Federal District. Organic food consumption was decomposed into three different intensity categories. Data analysis was based on two logistic models, a multinomial regression and an ordered regression, where perceived economic value and different dimensions of TCs were the main independent variables, and the intensity of organic food consumption was the dependent variable.FindingsThe results show that organic food consumers are not a homogeneous group, and that perceived economic value and the TCs associated with searching for marketplaces, inadequate product assortment and distrust in health benefits and in organic authenticity are important inhibitors of organic FFV consumption and help explain the intensity of consumption.Originality/valueThis study innovates, as it takes a post-purchase approach, examines different groups based on the intensity of their consumption of organic FFV and focuses on perceived economic value and TCs as important explanations of the intensity of organic FFV consumption.
ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho é testar empiricamente a validade do modelo do eleitor mediano para o caso brasileiro. O teste foi viabilizado pela possibilidade de reeleição, estabelecida em 1997 por meio da Emenda da Reeleição. Com informações municipais do Censo Populacional e do TSE para o ano de 2000, identificaram-se as cestas ofertadas por candidatos à reeleição como os gastos efetuados durante seus primeiros mandatos. Em seguida, estimou-se a demanda por serviços públicos locais. Relaxando a hipó-tese de informação perfeita dos candidatos em relação à demanda mediana, e impondo uma hipótese menos forte, de expectativas racionais, justificou-se a estimação de uma medida de erro de percepção dos candidatos à reeleição em relação à demanda mediana. Em seguida, estimou-se o impacto do módulo dessa medida sobre o desempenho eleitoral dos candidatos à reeleição usando modelos de seleção. O resultado obtido sugere que o modelo do eleitor mediano é válido para os municípios brasileiros. Palavras-Chavedemanda por serviços públicos, eleitor mediano, reeleição, modelos de seleção AbstractThe aim of this work is to empirically test the validity of the median voter model for the Brazilian case. The test was made feasible by the possibility of reelection established in 1997 by the Reelection Amendment. With municipal information from the Demographic Census and from TSE for the year of 2000, we identified the bundle offered by candidates running for reelection as the expenditures realized during their first terms. Next, we estimated the demand for local public services. Relaxing the assumption of perfect information of candidates in relation to the median demand, and imposing a weaker hypothesis, of rational expectations, we justified the estimation of a measure of misperception of candidates for reelection in relation to median demand. Next, we estimated the impact of the module of this measure on the electoral performance of mayors incumbents using a selection model. The result suggests that the median voter model is valid for the case of Brazilian municipalities. Doutorando em Economia
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