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The purpose of this research carried out in 2018 under Eskişehir ecological conditions was to determine the effect of six different harvest dates (T1: 16 August, T2: 29 August, T3: 14 September, T4: 28 September, T5: 15 October and T6: 31 October) on the yield and quality properties rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). The experiment was established according to a randomized complete-block design with four replications. The composition of the essential oil obtained by the hydro-distillation from the dry leaves of the rosemary plant was analyzed by GC-MS. In the experiment carried out, the mean values of plant height (cm), fresh herb yield (t ha -1 ), dry herb yield (t ha -1 ), dry leaf yield (t ha -1 ), essential oil ratio (%), essential oil yield were determined as 61.87 cm, 15.78 t ha -1 , 5.80 t ha-1, 3.55 t ha -1 , 0.69% and 23.92 l ha -1 , respectively. In the essential oil samples obtained from the harvests made at different dates, 35 different components were identified. The values of the camphor, 1-verbenone, α-pinene, borneol and 1,8-cineol components determined as the main component in the analyzed essential oil samples ranged from 11.67 to 14.78%, from 8.47 to 11.77%, from 8.74 to 11.82%, from 8.61 to 11.12% and from 7.01 to 9.07%, respectively.

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Salvia officinalis L. is a medicinal plant extensively used in foods, traditional medicine, and the pharmacological industry. In the current study, the effects of different irrigation regimes [irrigation after 70 ± 5 (regular), 105 ± 5 (moderate drought stress), and 140 ± 5 (severe drought stress) mm evaporation] and nutrient sources (control, NPK, farmyard manure, foliar fertilizer, and hydrogel) were investigated on the growth parameters and essential oil (EO) components of S. officinalis in the greenhouse. The plants were harvested two times. The regular irrigation treatment had the most significant effect on plant height (51 cm), fresh and dry herb weight (51.5 and 18.1 g plant −1 ), and fresh and dry leaf weight (40.1 and 13.1 g plant −1 ). The highest amount of EO was observed after moderate drought stress (1.48%). The NPK treatment had the greatest effect on plant height (40 cm), branch number (19 per plant), fresh and dry herb weight (53.4 and 18.9 g plant −1 ), fresh and dry leaf weight (41.2 and 13.6 g plant −1 ), and EO content (1.67%). The 1 st cutting was superior in EO amount, while the 2 nd cutting had a high agronomic yield. α-Thujone (from 21.6 to 34.2%) was identified as the predominant compound. Additionally, the content of α-thujone in the 2 nd cutting was higher after moderate drought stress, NPK, and hydrogel treatments. Moreover, 1,8-cineole, β-thujone, camphene, α-pinene, α-humulene, viridiflorol, borneol, and bornyl acetate were the other main compounds. As a general result, regular irrigation and NPK treatments improved the agronomic yield of S. officinalis . The plants under drought stress produced high amounts of EO. The farmyard manure also improved plant yield by providing a part of the plant's nutritional needs. Therefore, it could be concluded that it is crucial to determine the effects of limited water availability and various nutrient sources on yield and chemical compositions for medicinal and aromatic plant growth.

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Salinity is an abiotic stressor that greatly influences crop growth and yield. Scientists are always exploring diverse methods to combat salinity depression. Here, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to study the effects of NaCl salinity (0, 50, and 100 mM) under the foliar spray with zinc-oxide, nano zinc-oxide, iron-chelate, magnetized-Fe, and graphene-oxide on tarragon. The results revealed that the treatment with foliar spray of graphene showed the highest K + /Na + . Salinity of 50 and 100 mM × all foliar applications increased superoxide dismutase activity, whereas 100 mM NaCl raised the malondialdehyde content to its highest level. All salinity levels × Zn foliar spray improved the catalase activity. The foliar spray and salinity experiment exposed to Zn-treated plants attained the highest contents of essential oils. Proline and total phenolics showed the greatest amounts with 50 and 100 mM of NaCl, respectively. The GC/MS analysis revealed 38 compounds in the oil of Artemisia dracunculus L. as estragole (81-91.8 %) was the most dominant constituent. The highest amounts of estragole were found at 50 and 100 mM NaCl foliar sprayed with ZnO. Cis-Ocimene (0.1-6.4 %) was another major constituent with a high variation between the treatments. The highest cis-ocimene content was recorded at 100 mM NaCl × foliar Fe-chelated and in the graphene treatment. Overall, salinity adversely affected the physiological responses of tarragon; however, foliar spray with both forms of Fe and Zn partially ameliorated the adverse salinity effects.

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