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Effective sedation methods are important to facilitate safe handling for diagnostic and clinical procedures for small and often delicate birds such as budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). The aim of this study was to directly compare the time of onset and duration of sedation produced by intranasal administration of xylazine, diazepam, or midazolam in budgerigars. Fifteen (seven male, eight female) clinically healthy mature budgerigars weighing 28.9 +/- 6.1 g were involved in the study Each bird was used three times in a randomized crossover study design with 7 days between treatments. Birds received xylazine (25.6 +/- 2.2 mg/kg), diazepam (13.6 +/- 1.1 mg/kg), or midazolam (13.2 +/- 1.3 mg/kg) intranasally (i.n.) using a micropipette. The onset time and dorsal recumbency duration time were measured and recorded. Sedation was produced in all birds after i.n. administration of xylazine, diazepam, and midazolam. Time to onset of sedation was significantly shorter after midazolam (1.3 +/- 0.44 min) compared with that after xylazine (2.6 +/- 0.89 min) and diazepam (2.8 +/- 0.88 min). Xylazine produced significantly longer duration of sedation (286.0 +/- 28.8 min) than that produced by diazepam (165.40 +/- 19.2 min) and midazolam (71.60 +/- 8.9 min). This study demonstrated that i.n. drug administration could provide fast and reliable sedation in budgerigars. Although i.n. midazolam or diazepam can provide adequate sedation for diagnostic and minor therapeutic procedures, xylazine at the dose used in this study is not recommended because the quality of sedation may be insufficient to perform a clinical procedure.

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Background Bone fractures are medical emergencies that require prompt intervention to help return bone to its normal function. Various methods and treatments have been utilized to increase the speed and efficiency of bone repair. This study aimed to investigate the treatment effects of Prunus dulcis aqueous extract on tibial bone healing in rabbits. Methods All animals were distributed in five groups with six rats in each group, including the sham group, the control group in which tibial lesion was made and received distilled water, treatment groups with 150 mg kg−1, 300 mg kg−1 doses of Prunus dulcis extract, and osteocare treated group. Biochemical blood factors including calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase (on days 0, 10, 30, and 50), biomarkers of oxidative stress such as GPx, CAT, and MDA (on days 10 and 30), radiological evaluation, histopathological parameters, and osteocalcin immunohistochemical expression were assessed. Results The data showed calcium levels in the treatment groups increased significantly from day 10 to day 50, respectively, and blood phosphorus levels decreased from day 10 to day 50 in the treatment groups. Alkaline phosphatase initially increased and then decreased in treatment groups. In the treatment groups, GPx and CAT levels significantly increased, and the serum amount of MDA reduced. The best antioxidant results were related to the extract-treated group with a higher dose. Radiographic score was significantly higher in the treatment groups than the control group on day 30. Based on the pathological findings, the healing occurred faster in the extract-treated group with a higher dose. Osteocalcin expression was significantly higher in the control group than that in the treatment groups. Conclusions Treatment with Prunus dulcis extract with a dosage of 300 mg/kg accelerated tibial bone healing in rabbits. Graphical abstract

Adipose derived adult stem cells (ASCs) are multipotent cells that are able to differentiate into osteoblasts in presence of certain factors. The histological characteristics of periosteum makes it a specific tissue with a unique capacity to be engineered. Higher flexibility of the greater omentum is useful for reconstructive surgery. These criteria make it suitable for tissue engineering. The present study was designed to evaluate bone tissue engineering with periosteal free graft concurrent with ASCs and pedicle omentum in dog model. Twelve young female indigenous dogs were used in this experiment. In omental group (n = 4), end of omentum was wrapped by periosteum of the radial bone in abdomen of each dog. In omental-autogenously ASCs group (n = 4), 1 ml of ASCs was injected into the wrapped omentum with periosteum while in omental-allogenously ASCs group (n = 4), 1 ml of allogenous ASCs was injected. Lateral view radiographs were taken from the abdominal cavity postoperatively at the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks post-surgery. Eight weeks after operation the dogs were re-anesthetized and the wrapped omenum by periosteum in all groups was found and removed for histopathological evaluation. Our results showed that omentum-periosteum, omental-periosteum-autogenous ASCs and omental-periosteum-allogenous ASCs groups demonstrated bone tissue formation in the abdominal cavity in dog model. The radiological, macroscopical and histological findings of the present study by the end of 8 weeks post-surgery indicate bone tissue engineering in all three groups in an equal level. The present study has shown that the wrapped omentum with periosteum concurrent with ASCs (autogenous or allogenous ASCs) lead to a favorable bone tissue formation. We suggested that it may be useful when pedicle graft omentum used concurrent with periosteum in the bone defect reconstruction, and this phenomenon should be studied in future.

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