Introduction: Diseases of the thyroid gland are common and comprise a spectrum of entities causing systemic disease or a localized abnormality in the thyroid gland such as nodular enlargement or a tumor mass. Thyroid cancer is a relatively rare malignancy, but it is the commonest endocrine cancer accounting for 92% of all endocrine malignancies. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of thyroid malignancies in thyroidectomy specimens. The thyroid diseases were classified on histological grounds into non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions that were further subclassified as benign and malignant as per the WHO histological classification of thyroid tumors.Results: A total of 282 thyroid specimens were received during this study period. Neoplastic lesions were found in 204 cases (72.34%). 78.92% cases were females and 21.08% cases were males with a female: male ratio of 3.75:1. Out of 204 neoplastic lesions, 55 cases were benign accounting for 26.96% of neoplastic lesions. The age of the studied benign thyroid neoplastic lesions ranged from 9 years to 65 years with a mean age 38.11 years and the relative peak age of incidence was seen in 40-49 years age group (29.09%). Malignant thyroid lesions accounted for 72.55% (n=148) of all neoplastic lesions. The age of the studied malignant thyroid neoplastic lesions ranged from 9 years to 74 years with relative peak age of incidence between 20-29 years of age followed by 30-39 years age group. One case was diagnosed as well differentiated tumor of unknown malignant potential (WDT-UMP). Papillary carcinoma was the commonest malignant tumor seen in 85.14% (n=126) of all malignant lesions. Follicular adenoma was most common benign neoplasm. Conclusion:Papillary carcinoma was the commonest malignant lesion while as follicular adenoma was the commonest benign adenoma.

Background: Testicular and paratesticular neoplasia are rare type of tumors affecting adolescents and young adults in India, as observed by paucity of published data. This study was undertaken to analyze the patterns of testicular tumors at a tertiary level hospital in Kashmir valley, Jammu and Kashmir, India highlighting the patient’s demography, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation and pathological finding.Methods: This 5-year (retrospective and prospective) study was performed in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India from January 2012 to December 2016. For the retrospective study, all cases of testicular tumors, their histopathological reports and required clinical details were searched from records maintained in the Department of Pathology, GMC Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. For the prospective study, the orchiedectomy specimens received in our department were subjected to routine histopathological processing followed by a detailed gross and microscopic examination. Tumour typing and subtyping was done according to WHO classification (2004).Results: A total of 37 cases of testicular and paratesticular neoplasia were included in present study with a mean age of 35.1 years. Out of these 37 cases, 31 (83.78%) were malignant and 6 cases (16.22%) were benign. Right testis was affected in 70.3% of cases. The most common clinical presentation was scrotal swelling. Germ cell tumor was the most common type accounting for 89.2% of tumors followed by lymphomas (8.1%).Conclusions:It is concluded that despite new techniques in imaging and tumor marker assay, the diagnosis of testicular tumors is dependent upon histopathological examination. The present study fairly provides an insight into the clinical presentations, prevalence and patterns of testicular tumors.

Background: Primary leiomyosarcoma of the kidney is an exceptionally rare tumor with an aggressive behavior. However, reported literature is very limited. Since the prognosis for a renal sarcoma is extremely poor, differentiation from sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is necessary. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry are the only modes of diagnosing these sarcomas as they have no specific diagnostic features clinically and radiologically. Objectives was to evaluate the clinicopathological pattern of leiomyosarcomas arising from kidney.Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Srinagar. It was a retrospective study done over a period of 3 years, July 2014 to June 2017. A total of 4 patients, who underwent surgery and were diagnosed with primary LMS of the kidney, were included in the present study.Results: The study was done to evaluate the clinicopathological pattern of 4 cases of primary renal LMS diagnosed at a tertiary care hospital. Age of the patients ranged from 35-64 years with a mean age of 53.5 years. Sex ratio of 1:1 was observed. Major presenting symptom was flank pain (75%) followed by mass abdomen (50%). Also, one of the patients presented with spontaneous rupture of kidney. Radical nephrectomy was done in all patients. On gross examination tumor had originated from renal pelvis (50%) in 2 patients, renal vein (25%) in one patient whereas, renal capsule (25%) appeared to be the site of origin in other patient. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry proved the lesion as primary leiomyosarcoma of kidney.Conclusions: Being a rare tumour, renal leiomyosarcoma needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of renal masses even in patients younger than 40 years.

A wide variety of both benign and Malignant tumours arise from different components of the renal parenchyma, notably tubular epithelium[1-4].Renal tumours comprise a diverse spectrum of neoplastic lesions with patterns that are relatively distinct for children and adults[1-4].

Scrape cytology is a quick and effective method that can be utilised to reduce the turn-around time in providing a diagnosis. It has been used in many tissue types as an adjunct or replacement for frozen section and intra-operative consultation [1]. This technique provides the surgeon and pathologist a quick insight in to the type of lesion in question. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a valuable diagnostic technique for thyroid lesions with diagnostic accuracy of 93.6% [2]. However, all cases of thyroid nodules may not be adequately diagnosed on FNAC due to lack of characteristic diagnostic features on aspirated material, extensive cystic changes and fibrosis leading to repeated non-diagnostic aspirates and diagnosed as suspicious and non-diagnostic of malignancy on FNAC. A subsequent histopathological diagnosis of malignancy on resection specimens usually requires a repeat surgery for completion thyroidectomy and neck dissection [3]. Such cases pose a diagnostic and management dilemma leading to inadequate resections and repeat surgeries for completion thyroidectomy. However, scrape cytology can act as a timely rescue in most such cases, especially papillary carcinoma. Frozen section of thyroid nodules is usually carried out to avoid repeat surgeries. Frozen section may not be available in all institutions especially resource limited settings. This study was carried out to determine the utility of scrape cytology in thyroid nodules; that are suspicious and non diagnostic on FNAC and as a possible replacement and adjunct to frozen section. The study was carried out on post-surgical thyroidectomy specimens received in the department. MAterIAls And MethOdsThis was a prospective study done on 50 thyroid specimens. Histopathology was the gold standard for comparison. Preoperative FNAC diagnoses were also reviewed and recorded for comparison. Specimens received in the Department of Pathology, GMC, Srinagar, India were examined for gross nature and all findings were recorded. Scrapings were obtained from the freshly received specimen from the operating room sent in 10% buffered formalin before their fixation. After gross examination of the specimen and recording of all findings the specimen was cut with a sharp knife into two halves. Using a filter paper excess blood was wiped-off from the cut surfaces and the area most representative of the lesion was chosen for scrape. A sharp scalpel or the edge of a glass slide was used to scrape the lesion and the semi-fluid material obtained was used to prepare slides in a manner similar to FNAC slides. Smears were then labelled and immediately fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol and stained with rapid Haematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) stain. In Rapid H&E staining procedure; the fixed smears were stained with Haematoxylin for 30-45 seconds, then dipped in Eosin for 15-30 seconds and washed to remove any excess stain. Out of 50 specimen, 4 were already fixed by the time they were received in our lab. The scrapings of lesions in these cases did Pathology Section

Background:Renal clear cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for about 3% of adult malignancies and about 90% of neoplasms of the kidney. It is most common in men aged 50 to 60 years old. RCC has different manifestations, including metastasis in uncommon sites and paraneoplastic syndromes.Aims:To evaluate the clinicopathological pattern of RCC.Materials and Methods:This study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Srinagar. It was a retrospective study done over a period of 5 years, November 2009 to November 2014.Results:The study was done to evaluate the clinicopathological pattern of 6 cases of RCC diagnosed at a tertiary care hospital. All patients were males, presenting with submandibular swellings without any other symptom. Radiological and histopathological examination proved the lesion as metastasis of renal cell carcinoma to the mandible.Conclusion:Being a rare presentation in the head and neck region, metastatic renal cell carcinoma needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of submandibular swellings even in patients younger than 40 years.

Background: Endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESSs) are rare malignant uterine tumours comparatively affecting younger women and the mean age is 42 to 58 years. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification categorises endometrial stromal neoplasms and related tumors as: endometrial stromal nodule (ESN), low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LG-ESS), high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HG-ESS), and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma (UUS). Methods: Present study is a retrospective one and includes 6 patients with histologically proven endometrial stromal sarcoma for a period of 3 years. Authors examined every slide available from each case and new HE-stained slides generated from formaline-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue were reviewed to confirm the diagnoses. Demographic information, pathologic, and treatment information were collected from the clinic and hospital charts. All had primary surgical management in the form of total abdominal hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy. Results: The mean patient age was 41 years. All of the patients had presented with abnormal uterine bleeding. Diffuse growth of small cells closely resembling those of the normal proliferative endometrial stroma was the characteristic feature of these tumors. All of these patients had a low grade ESS on histopathology. They had regular follow-up visits until the end of study. Conclusions: Endometrial stromal sarcomas are rare malignant tumors of the uterus and a proper preoperative diagnosis is difficult. Their differential diagnosis from typical submucosal uterine myomas or benign endometrial polyps can be difficult. The histological examination of the specimen is necessary to exclude malignancy and establish the final diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: A variety of lesions affect large bowel which include both neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathologies,with some of the inflammatory diseases being premalignant. Due to vague symptoms, the clinical diagnosis is usually delayed. A battery of laboratory tests including biopsy is essential to arrive at a specific diagnosis for appropriate management. AIMS: To study the histopathological spectrum of lesions of colon and rectum on colonoscopic biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was undertaken in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Srinagar over a one year period from October 2015 to October 2016. A total of two hundred and eighty four (284) colorectal biopsies were included in the present study. All tissues were fixed in formalin, stained with H&E and special stains like Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS), Reticulin, Zeihl Neelsen (ZN) along with Immunohistochemistry (IHC) were done as and when required. RESULTS: Out of total 284 cases, 113 were non-neoplastic and 171 were neoplastic. In our study we observed that neoplastic lesions predominated over non-neoplastic lesion. Of 171 neoplastic lesions, 60 were benign and 111 were malignant. Malignant lesions were more in number than the benign lesions in our study. Out of a total of 284 colorectal lesions 180 (63.38%) were present in males and 104 (36.62%) were present in females with male to female ratio being 1.73:1. Non specific colitis was the commonest type seen among non-neoplastic lesions. Tubular adenoma was the most common benign neoplastic lesion and moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma was the commonest malignancy seen. Rectum was the most common site for malignant lesions. CONCLUSION: We observed that neoplastic lesions were more common than non-neoplastic lesions in large intestine. Present study emphasizes the need for early histopathological diagnosis for appropriate treatment