Introduction: Diseases of the thyroid gland are common and comprise a spectrum of entities causing systemic disease or a localized abnormality in the thyroid gland such as nodular enlargement or a tumor mass. Thyroid cancer is a relatively rare malignancy, but it is the commonest endocrine cancer accounting for 92% of all endocrine malignancies. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of thyroid malignancies in thyroidectomy specimens. The thyroid diseases were classified on histological grounds into non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions that were further subclassified as benign and malignant as per the WHO histological classification of thyroid tumors.Results: A total of 282 thyroid specimens were received during this study period. Neoplastic lesions were found in 204 cases (72.34%). 78.92% cases were females and 21.08% cases were males with a female: male ratio of 3.75:1. Out of 204 neoplastic lesions, 55 cases were benign accounting for 26.96% of neoplastic lesions. The age of the studied benign thyroid neoplastic lesions ranged from 9 years to 65 years with a mean age 38.11 years and the relative peak age of incidence was seen in 40-49 years age group (29.09%). Malignant thyroid lesions accounted for 72.55% (n=148) of all neoplastic lesions. The age of the studied malignant thyroid neoplastic lesions ranged from 9 years to 74 years with relative peak age of incidence between 20-29 years of age followed by 30-39 years age group. One case was diagnosed as well differentiated tumor of unknown malignant potential (WDT-UMP). Papillary carcinoma was the commonest malignant tumor seen in 85.14% (n=126) of all malignant lesions. Follicular adenoma was most common benign neoplasm. Conclusion:Papillary carcinoma was the commonest malignant lesion while as follicular adenoma was the commonest benign adenoma.

BACKGROUND Fine needle aspiration cytology is a simple, easy and safe procedure. It has been used for the diagnosis of superficial palpable lesions successfully. Deep-seated lesions have also been sampled by fine needle aspiration cytology with the imaging techniques with considerable success. FNAC is a simple, easy and reliable technique for the initial diagnostic evaluation of enlarged lymph nodes. The aim of the study conducted was to compare the two techniques-FNAC and FNNAC for diagnostic adequacy in superficial enlarged lymph nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in 100 patients with superficial enlarged lymph nodes using both the techniques-FNAC and FNNAC. Relevant history and clinical examination were taken. The two techniques were compared for the diagnostic adequacy based on five parameters using Mair et al scoring system. RESULTS In the present study, the cumulative score for FNNAC was more in comparison to that of FNAC (6.82 >6.57). For individual parameters, the average score for parameters like background blood (1.47 >1.41), degree of cellular degeneration (1.37 >1.31), trauma (1.35 >1.26) and retention of architecture (1.25 >1.16) were better in case of FNNAC in comparison to FNAC. However, average score for amount of cellular material was more (1.44 >1.38) in case of FNAC than FNNAC. All these differences observed among various parameters were, however, statistically nonsignificant with P-values of 0.417, 0.425, 0.319, 0.200, 0.160 and 0.1179. CONCLUSION Both FNAC and FNNAC yield good material for diagnostic of evaluation of superficial enlarged lymph nodes. FNNAC provided superior quality smears for the interpretation and diagnosis of superficial enlarged lymph nodes. FNNAC is a good technique that needs to be utilised in the routine cytology practice for sampling of superficial enlarged lymph nodes.

Thyroid gland is unique among the organs of endocrine system. Thyroid gland neoplasia constitutes total of 1% of all neoplasias and it has been observed that thyroid neoplasia is on an increase. Present study was a hospital based study to analyse the spectrum of thyroid nodules at a tretiary care centre from north India. On histopathology majority of the cases were benign 56.0% and 44.0% were malignant. The commonest benign lesion seen in thyroid was colloid goitre and among the malignant lesions papillary carcinoma was the most common neoplasm encountered in 78.4% of the patients. Thyroid disease is common in 4 th decade of life. Benign lesions are more common in 4 th decade of life and malignancy is common in younger age group.

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Background: Iodine defıciency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide.     Anemia is often the first sign of hypothyroidism and it is often not diagnosed because hypothyroids have a lower volume of plasma which causes a false high estimation of the amount of haemoglobin in the blood. The anemia observed may be normocytic and normochromic, hypochromic and microcytic, or macrocytic.  Material methods:  The study was conducted in the Postgraduate department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Government Medical College Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir India. It was prospective study, extending over a period of one year from 1st October 2013 to 30th September 2014. Results: Out of the 70 patients, 13 males were (18.57%) and 57 were females (81.43%) patients resulting in Male: Female ratio of 1:4.4, moreover 38(54.29%) patients presented as subclinical hypothyroidism while as 32(45.71%) patients presented as overt hypothyroidism. Thus more cases of sub-clinical hypothyroidism were seen than overt hypothyroidism in our setting. . Over all grading of anemia in all 38 anemic hypothyroid patients irrespective of gender showed that most of the patients were in the category of moderate anemia (63.16%). Conclusion: and it was observed that 38 patients had anemia so, frequency of anemia in hypothyroid patients in our setup came out to be 54%. Normocytic normochromic anemia (anemia of chronic disease) was the commonest type of anemia observed in 55.26% of anemic hypothyroid patients followed by macrocytic (21.05%) and microcytic anemia (18.42%). Key words: Anemia, Hypothyroidism, Anemia of chronic disease, Microcytic hypochromic anemia.