18"Despite women earning similar numbers of graduate degrees as men in STEM disciplines, they 19" are underrepresented in upper level positions in both academia and industry. Editorial board 20" memberships are an important example of such positions; membership is both a professional 21" honor in recognition of achievement and an opportunity for professional advancement. We 22" surveyed 10 highly regarded journals in environmental biology, natural resource management, 23"and plant sciences to quantify the number of women on their editorial boards and in positions of 24" editorial leadership from 1985-2013. We found that during this time period, only 16% of 25" editorial board members were women, with more pronounced disparities in positions of editorial 26" leadership (i.e., Associate Editors, Editors-in-Chief). Although the trend was towards 27" improvement over time, there was surprising variation between journals. We argue editorial 28" boards should strive for gender parity to increase the number of women afforded the 29" opportunities and benefits that accompany membership, as well as increase the number of role 30" models and mentors for early-career scientists and students. 31"PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.369v2 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access |
Despite women earning similar numbers of graduate degrees as men in STEM disciplines, they are underrepresented in upper level positions in both academia and industry. Editorial board memberships are an important example of such positions; membership is both a professional honor in recognition of achievement and an opportunity for professional advancement. We surveyed 10 highly regarded journals in environmental biology, natural resource management, and plant sciences to quantify the number of women on their editorial boards and in positions of editorial leadership (i.e., Associate Editors and Editors-in-Chief) from 1985-2013. We found that during this time period only 16% of editorial board members were women, with more pronounced disparities in positions of editorial leadership. Although the trend was towards improvement over time, there was surprising variation between journals, including those with similar disciplinary foci. While demographic changes in academia may reduce these disparities over time, we argue journals should proactively strive for gender parity on their editorial boards. This will both increase the number of women afforded the opportunities and benefits that accompany board membership and increase the number of role models and potential mentors for early-career scientists and students.
A field study was conducted in 2008 and 2009 at the USDA, ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit in Griffin, GA, to investigate weed suppression by sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L). The objectives were to (1) evaluate the effects of apical meristem removal (AMR) at three dates [5, 6, and 7 wks after planting (WAP) on May 14, 2008 and May 21, 2009] and (2) assess the impact of seeding rates (11, 28, and 45 kg ha(-1)) on weed biomass reduction. Weed species were identified at 4, 8, and 12 wks after sunn hemp planting. Sunn hemp cutting date had no significant effect on weed suppression in 2008 but significant differences for grass weeds at 4, 8, and 12 WAP and for yellow nutsedge at 8 and 12 WAP did occur when compared to the control in 2009. In comparison to the sunn hemp-free control plot in 2009, all three seeding rates had reduced grass weed dry weights at 4, 8, and 12 WAP. The total mass of yellow nutsedge when grown with sunn hemp was reduced compared to the total mass of yellow nutsedge grown in the weedy check for all seeding rates at 8 and 12 WAP. Lower grass weed biomass was observed by 12 WAP for cutting dates and seeding rates during 2008 and 2009. Sunn hemp cutting date and seeding rate reduced branch numbers in both years. The reduction in sunn hemp seeding rates revealed a decrease in weed populations.
A gronomy J our n al • Volume 10 9, I ssue 1 • 2 017 I t could be argued that the ongoing concern about recruiting and retaining women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) has roots back to the fi rst formative years of the Land Grant Institutions (LGIs) in the United States, aft er their establishment in 1862 and 1890. One of the primary missions of the LGIs was to increase the proportion of women at their institutions (Bowman, 1962), in an eff ort to improve the numbers of women receiving higher education since their fi rst permissible admittance to U.S. colleges in 1837 (begun at Oberlin College in 1837; Graham, 1978). While most educational training programs for women focused primarily on "home economics", LGIs found that most female students preferred more STEM oriented subjects that had been intended for males-resulting in the employment of women in a broad range of jobs that were not in any way related to home economics, including participating in and teaching STEM subjects (Bowman, 1962). Despite this promising beginning over 150 yr ago, the number of women in STEM professions has continued to lag well behind men.Th ere has been much consternation, targeted recruitment, creation of focused support programs, and academic study into increasing the numbers of women in STEM (McGuire et al., 2012). Some progress has been made, particularly at institutions other than LGIs. Th e training of women in some STEM disciplines has shown improvement; for example, women earned bachelor's degrees in STEM in equal numbers to men by 1996 (Luckenbill-Edds, 2002), and doctoral degrees in biology also reached equality between men and women (McGuire et al., 2012). In fact, the stages where the numbers of women decrease during the academic training process, were considered gone at the bachelor's and master's levels by the 1990s, such that the number of women and men at these academic stages reached equal numbers (LuckenbillEdds, 2002). Despite the equal numbers of women and men obtaining degrees at these levels, there is still evidence of fewer women in the sciences at many levels, from doctoral training programs to eventual career placement. In fact, for engineering and natural sciences, at each successive stage in the academic and career pathways (bachelor's, master's, doctorate, faculty, administration) the retention of women drops in comparison to the previous stage (Goldberger and Crowe, 2010;Kaminski and Geisler, 2012 ABSTRACTRepresentation of women in agricultural science was 5% in 1979, increasing to 12% by 2005. Th e near equal numbers of women and men receiving Ph.D. degrees in agricultural science in 2012 (44 to 56%, respectively) would suggest an upward trend of women scientists above 12% should be occurring over time.To monitor possible trends in the representation of women in agricultural science, we quantifi ed the numbers of women at land grant institutions at the faculty and higher administration level and in leadership positions within scientifi c societies, industry boards, and govern...
Macadamia is a rapidly developing global crop; however, limited cultivation history and size of the industry means many challenges remain to support sustained productivity and profitability of this industry. This paper summarizes oral and poster presentations, and subsequent papers included in this volume, delivered at the 2017 International Macadamia Research Symposium, held in Hilo, HI, in September of that year. This was the first international meeting of macadamia researchers since 1992. The 28 oral and seven poster presentations covered propagation technology, tree physiology, soils and nutrition, pollination, pest and disease, orchard management, genetics and breeding, product development, and new production regions. Notable messages were that micrografting of macadamias is commercially viable; planting density and girdling could increase early yield per hectare; resource availability may limit cross-pollination yield; and yield production of individual branches is not independent. Integrated pest HORTSCIENCE VOL. 54(4) APRIL 2019
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