Canopy management of macadamia trees and understory plant diversification to reduce macadamia felted coccid (Eriococcus ironsidei) populations

Gutierrez‐Coarite, Rosemary; Mollinedo, Javier; Cho, Alyssa; Wright, Mark G.

doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2018.07.014

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Macadamia trees are susceptible to a variety of fungal pathogens ( Akinsanmi et al, 2016b ; Wrona et al, 2020 ) and insects ( Khun et al, 2021 ), which can result in significant economic losses. Studies on the biocontrol of insect have been significantly more numerous than studies on the biocontrol of plant diseases ( Gutierrez-Coarite et al, 2018 ; Polaszek et al, 2020 ). In our present study, T. hamatum exhibited a high level of biocontrol efficacy against L. theobromae on three-year-old, potted macadamia trees ( Figure 5A ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma hamatum against Lasiodiplodia theobromae on macadamia

Leng

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) trees are an important source of revenue in rainforest ecosystems. Their nuts are rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber, antioxidants, and monounsaturated oils. The fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae, however, is a major disease problem, causing kernel rot and other disease symptoms. In the present study, a dual confrontation assay was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of an endophytic strain of Trichoderma hamatum C9 from macadamia root against L. theobromae. Volatiles and cell-free culture filtrate of T. hamatum were also used to assess their antifungal activity against L. theobromae. Results suggested that T. hamatum exhibited a significant inhibitory effect against L. theobromae in vitro. Further results of a biocontrol assay indicated that a spray treatment of T. hamatum conidial suspension significantly decreased the size of lesions caused by artificially inoculated L. theobromae on macadamia leaves, as well as the disease index in young trees inoculated with L. theobromae, relative to sterile water controls. Collectively, our findings indicate that T. hamatum C9 represents a potential biocontrol agent that can be used to manage L. theobromae on macadamia.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma hamatum against Lasiodiplodia theobromae on macadamia

Leng

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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“…10 There are grower reports of up to 100% crop losses due to insect pest damage, 7 which is currently not captured in any industry statistics. Generally, where macadamia is grown outside the Australian native pest range, less insecticide is required to manage insect pest populations, [11][12][13][14] although pests can still cause up to 100% crop losses. 13 In Australia, there has been significant expenditure on research into pest, disease and biosecurity in macadamia 15 using funding from grower levies and the Australian federal government, 16 and in-kind contributions from state government agencies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are grower reports of up to 100% crop losses due to insect pest damage, 7 which is currently not captured in any industry statistics. Generally, where macadamia is grown outside the Australian native pest range, less insecticide is required to manage insect pest populations, 11–14 although pests can still cause up to 100% crop losses 13 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nut bush pesticide limits: urgent need for a comprehensive strategy to address current and emerging insect pests and insecticide options in the Australian macadamia industry

Ellis,

Anderson,

Yonow

et al. 2024

Pest Management Science

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In Australia, macadamia orchards are attacked by four main insect pest groups. Management and control of three of these key pests currently relies on broad‐spectrum insecticides whose long‐term future is questionable. Of the 23 insecticides registered for use in macadamia in Australia, 19 face issues affecting their availability, and 12 are presently not approved in the EU, US or Canada. Those international markets may refuse produce that doesn't adhere to their own insecticide use standards, hence Australian produce may be excluded from market access. Many of the potential replacement IPM methods of pest control are generally considered less effective by the industry and have not been adopted. There are 17 insect pest groups identified by the industry, any of which have potential to become major problems if broad‐spectrum insecticide options become unavailable. Thirteen pest groups need urgent attention as they are at risk of losing current effective control methods, and no replacement solutions have yet been developed. The lag period for R&D to develop new chemical and biological control solutions means there is now an urgent need for the macadamia industry to craft a strategy for sustainable pest management for each pest. Critically, this industry strategy needs to address the vulnerabilities identified in this paper, identify potential solutions for any cases of market failure and consider funding mechanisms to address these gaps. On economic and sustainability grounds, potential biological control options should be explored, especially in cases where insecticide control options are vulnerable.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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“…Therefore, understory vegetation is traditionally removed from or controlled in plantations to eliminate competition [4][5][6] and to facilitate the growth of the crop trees, especially in the early stages [7,8]. However, recent research has revealed that understory vegetation plays crucial roles in the productivity and sustainability of plantation ecosystems by promoting the decomposition of litterfall and nutrient cycling [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse Understory Vegetation Alleviates Nitrogen Competition with Crop Trees in Poplar Plantations

Zhang

Qin

Zhai

et al. 2021

Forests

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Understory vegetation plays a crucial role in nutrient turnover and cycling in plantations, but it also competes for nutrients with crop trees when only a single species is present due to its specific nutrient requirements. However, it remains unclear whether this competition can be alleviated when the species richness of understory vegetation increases. In this study, we tested different gradients of understory vegetation species richness, including understory vegetation removal (UR), the retention of a single main understory vegetation species (RS), and the retention of natural diverse understory vegetation (RD) as part of a poplar (Populus deltoides ‘Nanlin-3804′) plantation, to study their effects on poplar growth, and to evaluate nitrogen (N) usage and how this was affected by the interactions between the poplar and understory vegetation. The results showed a generally lower periodic growth, and a significant decline in the foliar chlorophyll content and glutamine synthetase activity of poplar under treatment with RS and RD compared to those under UR treatment conducted in July 2019, which clearly indicated N competition between the understory vegetation and poplar trees. However, no significant difference was detected in the foliar chlorophyll content and glutamine synthetase activity of poplar under RD and RS treatment; only the nitrate reductase activity in poplar leaves under RD treatment declined significantly, by 22.25%, in June 2019. On the contrary, the diameter at breast height (DBH) of the poplar under RD treatment showed an increase of 34.69% from July to August 2019, compared with that under RS treatment. Furthermore, the increase in the species richness of understory vegetation resulted in an increase in the δ15N values in the poplar leaves, which was strongly regulated by the NH4+-N pool in the 10–20 cm soil layer, indicating the effective coordination of N utilization between poplar and understory vegetation when diversified understory plant species were present. These findings demonstrate the essential role of understory vegetation species diversity in alleviating N competition with crop trees, and provide guidance for understory vegetation management in poplar plantations.

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Canopy management of macadamia trees and understory plant diversification to reduce macadamia felted coccid (Eriococcus ironsidei) populations

Cited by 8 publications

References 19 publications

Efficacy of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma hamatum against Lasiodiplodia theobromae on macadamia

Efficacy of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma hamatum against Lasiodiplodia theobromae on macadamia

Nut bush pesticide limits: urgent need for a comprehensive strategy to address current and emerging insect pests and insecticide options in the Australian macadamia industry

Diverse Understory Vegetation Alleviates Nitrogen Competition with Crop Trees in Poplar Plantations

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