As it is known, a significant part of the yield of agricultural crops is lost due to harmful organisms, including diseases. The article reveals the data on the widespread types of plant diseases (rot, wilting, deformation, the formation of tumors, pustules, etc.) and their symptoms. Early identification of the pathogen type of plant infection is of high significance for disease control. Various methods are used to diagnose pathogens of disease on plant. This article discusses the review of the literature data on traditional methods for diagnosis of plant pathogens, such as visual observation, microscopy, mycological analysis, and biological diagnostics or the use of indicator plants. Rapid and reliable detection of plant disease and identification of its pathogen is the first and most important stage in disease control. Early identification of the cause of the disease allows timely selection of the proper protection method and ensures prevention of crop losses. There are a number of traditional methods for identifying plant diseases, however, in order to ensure the promptness and reliability of diagnostics, as well as to eliminate the shortcomings inherent in traditional diagnostics, in recent years, new means and technologies for identifying pathogens have been developed and introduced into practice. As well as the article provides information on such innovative methods of diagnosis of diseases and identification of their pathogens, which are used widely in the world today, such as immunodiagnostics, molecular-genetic (and phylogenetic) identification, mass spectrometry, etc.
This article provides information on the spread, development and damage of fusarium disease, which occurs in cabbage vegetable crops (white cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, red cabbage, savoy cabbage, Chinese cabbage) and the use of biological preparations against this disease. Healthy and vigorous seedlings were obtained when fusarium disease was treated with a titrated suspension Orgamica F of 1∙108 CFU (colony forming unit)/ml, and the number of diseased seedlings was 0.6–1.0%. It was noted that 0.9-1.3% of seedlings from seeds treated with a titrated suspension of the preparation 1∙104 CFU/ml were infected with fusarium disease. Also, in the experiment, a option that showed high biological efficacy against white fusarium disease: Orgamika F biopreparation 3 times, ie with a suspension of 1∙108 CFU/ml titer per seed before sowing, 2% suspension of the biopreparation (2∙106 CFU/ml titration suspension). It is recommended to apply the biopreparation to the seedling root before planting and 15 days after planting in the field with a suspension of 0.25% concentration (2.5∙104 CFU/ml titration) under production conditions.
Plant pathogenic microorganisms cause great damage to the yield of agricultural crops and also reduce their commercial quality. This article highlights information on the level of damage caused to agricultural crops by pests, as well as the development of organic agriculture, which in recent years has received great attention in many developed countries. In addition, the data from literature were analyzed on the current state and problems of production of pesticides in the world and their use in agriculture, the use of biofungicides against plant diseases. The importance of synthetic pesticides, as well as, controlling the use of synthetic fungicides, and the use of alternative biofungicides in their replacement were also revealed. The article concludes on the need for public reforms and the role of systematic scientific research in creating a local biopesticides market.
Diseases caused by soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi are a serious problem for agricultural crops, including sunflower crops. The limited possibilities of measures to control them further increases the interest and focus on them. This article reveals data on the species composition, occurrence rate of soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi isolated from the soil of sunflower. Here, 11 species of true fungi and 1 species of oomycetes have been isolated. The highest incidence rate was recorded in the Fusarium oxysporum fungi species. During the study, pathogenic fungi specific to sunflower have also been isolated.
Tomato is the most common and widespread vegetable among other vegetable crops in Uzbekistan. It ranks the first place by its planting area and gross yield. Tomato, like other farming crops, is affected by a number of infectious diseases. Among them, grey mould causes considerable damage to the crops. This article contains the data on testing fungicides with active ingredients Difenoconazole and Cyprodinil against grey mould disease of tomato in greenhouse condition. In fungicides sprayed variants, the inhibitory effect of fungicides on the development of diseases was considerable, that is, disease development index constituted 3.4-6.4%. When 0.08% concentration of fungicide Difen Super, 55% WP was applied, then development of disease was 3.9% at the first spray; and 4.5% at the second spray; 5% at the third and 5.8% at the forth spray. Among the fungicides, 0.05% concentration of Skor, 250 g/l EC fungicide applied variant performed much less development of grey mould disease compared to other variants, disease development index indicated 3.4-4.7%. According to experiment results, it has been recommended to conduct treatment with Difen Super, 55% WP (0.08%) and Skor, 250 g/l EC (0.05%) fungicides against tomato’s grey mould disease three times with 10 days interval.
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