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Background : Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by bees ( Apis Mellifera ) from tree buds and mixed with secreted bee wax in order to avoid bacterial contamination in the hive, and also to seal it. Propolis is employed for the treatment of various infectious diseases because it is wellknown that is has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Calcium hydroxide was introduced to the dental profession in 1921 and has been considered the “gold standard” for direct pulp capping materials   in the past decades. Aims :This research is to investigate the development of new blood vessels ( angiogenesis ) in rat's dental pulp following application of propolis extract and calcium hydroxide. Methods : There was 43 Strain Wistar rats  of 8–16 week old and 200–250 grams in weight were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Pulp exposures were performed on the occlusal surface of right maxillary first molars. At the 1st and 4th groups, as the control group, without pulp capping paste. At the 2rd and 5th groups, pulp exposure was applied with propolis extract. And at 3th and 6th groups pulp exposure was applied with calcium hydroxide ,and the 7th group is negative control is a normal teeth. Pulp exposure was applied with propolis extract. After that, all of the cavities were filled with light cured glass ionomer cement as a permanent filling. Animals on the 1st, 2rd, and 3th groups were decaputed after 7x24 hour  post  pulp capping material application and were sent for histological examination which new blood vessels ( angiogenesis )  cells were present. And at the 4th, 5th, 6th groups were culled after 7x 24 hour post  pulp capping material application and were sent for histological examination which new blood vessels ( angiogenesis ) evaluated were present. Result : All sample were histopathological examinated and data was statiscally analysed using one way ANOVA the histological analysis revealed that the development of the new blood vessels  occurred in all group. The new blood vessels ( angiogenesis ) of propolis extract group was milder compared to the control and calcium hydroxide group, with statistical analysis showed significant difference (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The development of new blood vessels is earlier happened in group capping material containing propolis and which show with reduce the amount of the new blood vessels in days 7 and 14 than the other group.

Latar Belakang: Irigasi saluran akar merupakan salah satu tahapan penting untuk menunjang keberhasilan perawatan. Sodium hipoklorit (NaOCl) merupakan larutan irigasi utama yang sering digunakan namun memiliki sejumlah kekurangan yakni bersifat toksik jika diirigasi sampai ke jaringan periradikular. Kakao (Theobroma cacao) merupakan tumbuhan suku Sterculiaeae yang kulit buahnya mengandung senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin, saponin dan terpenoid. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut terbukti dapat menghambat pembentukan biofilm pada bakteri Enterococcus faecalis yang merupakan bakteri paling resisten pada saluran akar. Ekstrak kulit kakao diharapkan dapat menjadi bahan alternatif irigasi saluran akar yang ideal, sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai efek sitotoksisitasnya terhadap jaringan. Tujuan: Menentukan konsentrasi dari ekstrak kulit kakao yang memberikan efek sitotoksik pada sel fibroblas BHK-21. Metode: Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah eksperimental laboratoris dengan menggunakan kultur sel fibroblas BHK-21. Ekstrak kulit kakao diperoleh melalui maserasi menggunakan etanol 70% dan dilakukan pengenceran dengan konsentrasi 1,56%, 3,125%, 6,125%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%, dan 100%. Sel BHK-21 dalam microplate 96 well dipaparkan dengan ekstrak kulit kakao. Uji sitotoksisitas menggunakan MTT assay dan absorbansi warna dibaca menggunakan Elisa reader. Nilai absorbansi dihitung dengan rumus sehingga didapatkan hasil akhir berupa persentase kematian sel. Hasil: Peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak kulit kakao berbanding lurus dengan kenaikan persentase sel fibroblas BHK-21 yang mati. Kesimpulan: Konsentrasi minimum ekstrak kulit kakao yang dapat memberikan efek sitotoksik pada sel fibroblas BHK-21 adalah 6,25%.

Background: Streptococcus mutans is a bacteria which has glucosyltransferase (GTF) enzyme and acts as the main agent that causes dental caries. GTF enzyme will convert sucrose into fructose and glucan. Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is one of the traditional herbs which has xanthorrhizol, curcumin, flavonoid, tanin, and saponin as an antibacterial agent. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of temulawak extract (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) to the activity of GTF enzyme Streptococcus mutans. Method: This research used 25%, 37,5%, and 50% concentration of  temulawak extract as the treatment, and 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate as a control. The method of this research consists of three steps; preparing the temulawak extract concentration of 25%, 37,5%, and 50%, preparing the GTF enzyme from the supernatant of Streptococcus mutans, and testing GTF enzyme activity by analyzing the fructose concentration using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Perusal of the fructose area was based on the retention time of fructose. One unit of GTF enzyme activity is defined as the 1 μmol fructose / ml of enzyme / hour. Result: The obtained data then were analyzed by Post-Hoc Tukey (HSD). The result showed a significant difference between each treatment group with the control group (p<0.05). Conclussion: This research concludes that temulawak extract with 25%, 37,5%, and 50% concentrationcan’t inhibit the GTF enzyme activity of Streptococcus mutans.

Background: A successful root canal treatment eliminates pathogenic bacteria from infected root canals. The most common bacteria in root canal infections is Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), due to its resistance to medicament and root canal irrigation. A photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method of root canal disinfection that uses a combination of photosensitisers and light activation to eliminate bacteria in the root canal. The duration of the PDT irradiation results in the production of singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to eliminate the E. faecalis bacteria. Purpose: To analyse the differences in the duration exposure of photodynamic therapy against the E. faecalis bacteria. Methods: The E. faecalis bacteria culture was divided into seven eppendorf tubes. Group I was a control group, and group II, III, IV, V, VI and VII were treated using PDT consisting of Toluidine Blue O (TBO) photosensitiser and light source irradiation for ten, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 seconds, respectively. After incubation, the number of bacteria was calculated by the Quebec Colony Counter and analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and the Mann–Whitney test (p <0.05). Results: There was a significant difference between the number of E. faecalis bacteria colonies in each treatment group (p <0.05). Group VI and VII, which had a longer exposure to PDT, showed a smaller amount of E. faecalis bacteria. Conclusion: The longer exposure of PDT results in a smaller amount of E. faecalis bacteria. The light irradiation of 50 seconds is the most effective to eliminate E. faecalis bacteria.

Background: Nanohybrid composite has filler with variation of size and contain nano-sized particles. The decreasing of surface hardness can be occured because consumption of acid pH beverages, carbondioxide (CO2) from soft drinks and water. Sugary soft drink (coca-cola) has lower pH than aspartame soft drink (coca-cola zero). Besides the difference of pH, aspartame soft drink (coca-cola zero) contains fenilalanin amino acid the product of hydrolisis reaction of aspartame so the acid environment become neutral. Purpose: To view the differences of nanohybrid resin composite after being soaked in sugary soft drink and aspartame soft drink. Methods: There are significant differences between samples being soaked in aquades and aspartame soft drink (coca-cola zero) and sugary soft drink (coca-cola). There are significant differences between aspartame soft drink (coca-cola zero) and sugary soft drink (coca-cola). Conclusion: Surface hardness of nanohybrid resin composite is lower after being soaked in sugary soft drink (coca-cola) than after being soaked in aspartame soft drink (coca-cola zero).

Background: Deep dentinal caries cannot defect the vitality of dental pulp. The microbial populations involved in dental caries are known to be highly complex and variable. Lactobacillus casei is one of the most common carious dentine bacteria. Tannin contained in mangosteen pericarp extract is known to have an antibacterial potency. Purpose. This study aims to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of tannin from mangosteen pericarp extract against Lactobacillus casei. Method. This study is an experimental laboratory with a post-test only control group design. Tannin from mangosteen was extracted by 96% ethanol. Lactobacillus casei was diluted into several concentrations using the serial dilution method in the Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHIB) medium and inserted in several reaction tubes. Every reaction tube was incubated for 24 hours. After being incubated, each concentration was taken and swabbed into Mueller Hinton in the petri dish. Then, every petri dish was incubated for 24 hours and colonies' growth was counted manually in the Colony Forming Unit (CFU). Result. Bacterial colonies' growth at a concentration of 1.56% was 90% less than the positive control group and there was no bacterial colonies growth at the concentration of 3.12%. Conclusion. Tanin from mangosteen pericarp extract has an antibacterial effect against Lactobacillus casei. The MIC of tannin from mangosteen pericarp extract against Lactobacillus casei was at 1.56% and MBC was at 3.12%.

Background: According to Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) (2013) and the World Health Organisation (WHO), caries is still a global problem and highly prevalent in Indonesia. Caries is mainly caused by Streptococcus mutans with virulence factors known as glucosyltransferase (GTF). The GTF enzyme contribute to the pathogenesis of caries by converting sucrose to fructose and glucan, which are then used in the formation of biofilms and dental plaques. Natural propolis compounds containing flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and tannins, can inhibit GTF enzyme activity. Purpose: This study aimed to determine an effective concentration of propolis extract for inhibiting the S. mutans GTF enzyme activity. Methods: This study used propolis extract at 14 μg/ mL, 16 μg/m and 1 μg/mL to determine the inhibitory effect on S. mutans GTF enzyme activity. The GTF enzyme were obtained from the supernatant from S. mutans culture centrifugation. The GTF enzyme activity was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to calculate the fructose level. Results: The mean fructose concentration at 14 μg/mL, 16 μg/mL, and 18μg/mL were 3.31%, 1.56%, and 0.29%, respectively. Conclusion: The most effective concentration of propolis extract for inhibiting the effect of S. mutans GTF enzyme activity is 14 μg/mL.