The increasing need for forest resources and cultivated land requires a solution in forest management to realize sustainable land use. Smart agroforestry (SAF) is a set of agriculture and silviculture knowledge and practices that is aimed at not only increasing profits and resilience for farmers but also improving environmental parameters, including climate change mitigation and adaptation, biodiversity enhancement, and soil and water conservation, while assuring sustainable landscape management. SAF, a solution for land management systems to reduce the rate of deforestation, is a smart effort to overcome the food crisis and mitigate climate change that is prospectively applied mainly in the social forestry area. Optimized forest land utilization could be achieved by implementing SAF and applying silvicultural and crop cultivation techniques to optimize productivity and meet sustainability and adaptability goals. This paper reviews the existing conditions, opportunities, and challenges in the mainstreaming of SAF in social forestry implementation to support the Sustainable Development Goals in Indonesia. Mainstreaming SAF should include policy innovation and regulation implementation, the use of appropriate technology, and compromises or trade-offs among benefits, risks, and resources. SAF is a strategy to revive the rural economy and community prosperity through the optimal use of local resources as well as a form of smart landscape and land-use management that has significant roles in soil and water conservation, bioenergy, climate change responses, and enhanced biodiversity conservation.

Agroforestry has been practiced for decades and is undoubtedly an important source of income for Indonesian households living near forests. However, there are still many cases of poverty among farmers due to a lack of ability to adopt advanced technology. This literature review aims to identify the characteristics and factors causing the occurrence of agricultural subsistence and analyze its implications for the level of farmer welfare and the regional forestry industry. The literature analysis conducted reveals that small land tenure, low literacy rates, and lack of forest maintenance are the main causes of the subsistence of small agroforestry farmers. Another reason is that subsistence-oriented agroforestry practices are considered a strong form of smallholder resilience. All of these limitations have implications for low land productivity and high-sawn timber waste from community forests. To reduce the subsistence level of farmers, government intervention is needed, especially in providing managerial assistance packages, capital assistance, and the marketing of forest products. Various agroforestry technologies are available but have not been implemented consistently by farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an integrated collaboration between researchers, farmers, and regionally owned enterprises (BUMD) to increase access to technology and markets. Although it is still difficult to realize, forest services, such as upstream–downstream compensation and carbon capture, have the potential to increase farmer income.

The use of coastal forests as natural tsunami barrier has long been the source of controversies due to inconclusive understanding on the damping performance and contradictory field findings from the last tsunami events. After experiencing hundreds of casualties and severe destruction on the infrastructures due to the 2006 South Java Tsunami, the coastline of Pangandaran district in West Java was replanted by coastal forest vegetation to mitigate future tsunami as well as improving the quality of the environment. The design of coastal forests along the coastline of Pangandaran adopted divide-and-rule strategy concept. Considering their physical and biological aspects as well as the ability to withstand hydraulic forces. This concept requires different species at different locations perpendicular to the coastline with staggered formations in order to provide optimum damping performance of the coastal forests. Unfortunately, this concept has never been quantified or hydraulically tested against extreme cases like tsunami. The paper will present the characteristics and the latest conditions of coastal forests in Pangandaran including the problems and the challenge of this mitigation system in the last five years. Moreover, damping performance of the coastal forests was also investigated by means of Nonlinear Shallow Water Equation Model to quantify the contribution of coastal forest and other existing environmental aspects such as the bathymetry and the topography to the total tsunami attenuation. Based on the obtained wave transmission, the simulation analysis shows that the

Indonesia is an archipelago with significant variations in natural resources, infrastructure, socioeconomic, culture, human resource capacity, accessibility, and access to financial and technical assistance. In this situation, integrated and unique efforts are needed to manage natural resources and build synergy between their protection and utilization to achieve water, energy, and food (WEF) security in accordance with the SDG targets. This paper analyzes the implementations of the WEF nexus in rural Indonesia by examining existing legal frameworks and other related policies, journals, textbooks, and publications. We explore factors influencing the success and failure of the implementation of the WEF nexus approaches from technical, socioeconomic, cultural, political, and institutional perspectives of the rural development framework.

ABSTRAKPengelolaan lahan dengan sistem agroforestry memerlukan pemilihan jenis yang sesuai serta perlakuan silvikultur yang tepat. Pemilihan jenis dan perlakuan silvikultur ditujukan untuk menjaga persaingan dalam memperoleh cahaya, air dan nutrisi. Masyarakat memilih suatu jenis karena pertimbangan faktor ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi jenis tanaman dalam agroforestry tegalan di Pegunungan Menoreh Kulon Progo. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan cara survey. Lokasi penelitian dikategorikan menjadi 3 (tiga) tingkat perkembangan agroforestry, yaitu (1) agroforestry awal (intensitas cahaya >50%), 2) agroforestry pertengahan (intensitas cahaya 30-50%), 3) agroforestry lanjut (intensitas cahaya <30%). Setiap fase perkembangan agroforestry (awal, menengah dan lanjut) di pilih 4 (empat) plot pengamatan, sehingga terdapat 12 plot pengamatan. Pengamatan dan pengukuran vegetasi dilakukan secara sensus (100 %). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada agroforestry awal nilai INP 3 (tiga) jenis tertinggi yaitu: sengon (77,84)

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Sebagian masyarakat masih menganggap bahwa bambu memiliki nilai ekonomi rendah. Banyak tanaman bambu di masyarakat yang dihilangkan atau diganti dengan komoditas lain. Desa sukaharja di Kabupaten Ciamis merupakan salah satu sentra penghasil bambu. Masyarakat merasakan manfaat ekonomi dari keberadaan bambu tersebut, sehingga keberadaan tanaman bambu masih terjaga kelestariannya. Pengelolaan bambu yang ada di Desa Sukaharja dapat dijadikan pembelajaran bagi petani bambu di tempat lain. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi agroforestri bambu di Desa Sukaharja. Penelitian menggunakan metode survei dan wawancara. Plot pengamatan dibuat sebanyak 39 plot. Pengamatan dan pengukuran vegetasi dilakukan secara sensus (100 %) pada seluruh areal lahan yang terpilih sehingga dapat diketahui semua jenis penyusun. Parameter yang dicatat/diukur adalah jenis bambu, jumlah rumpun, jumlah anakan, jumlah batang muda, jumlah batang tua, tinggi batang, dan keliling batang. Data yang berkaitan dengan sosial ekonomi diperoleh melalui wawancara. Responden dipilih secara sengaja yaitu petani masyarakat Desa Sukaharja sebanyak 69 responden. Data sekunder diperoleh dari studi pustaka dan data-data dari instansi yang memiliki keterkaitan dengan tujuan penelitian seperti Dinas Kehutanan, kantor desa, dan Badan Penyuluhan Pertanian, Perikanan, Peternakan dan Kehutanan. Bambu di Desa Sukaharja mempunyai potensi sebesar 765 batang bambu per hektar dengan komposisi 53 % bambu muda dan 47 % bambu tua, dengan didominasi oleh jenis bambu tali sebesar 92 %. Bambu di Desa Sukaharja dapat lestari karena dibudidayakan dengan pola agroforestri. Pola agroforestri bambu di masyarakat desa Sukaharja adalah a) Bambu + kayu, b) Bambu + HHBK, c) Bambu + tanaman perkebunan, d) Bambu +hortikultura.

Limited agricultural land areas combined with increasing demands for food require breakthroughs in land use development using agroforestry systems. Intercropping root crops with trees could be an alternative for food production in forest areas. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) farming on dry land within 12- and 42-year-old teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) forests to support local food security. The feasibility assessment took into account both productivity and socio-economic aspects. The agroforestry land productivity was measured using the land equivalent ratio (LER), and our analysis of the cocoyam farming within the teak stands was carried out using the revenue/cost ratio (R/C) at the demonstration plot scale. Furthermore, we also surveyed farmers’ perceptions of the production of cocoyam for food security. The results showed that the R/C values of cocoyam tuber production in agroforestry systems were lower than 1. However, the production rates of cocoyam tubers in the 12-year-old teak stand (48.3% light intensity) and the 42-year-old teak stand (62.5% light intensity) were 2.64 and 2.76 tons/ha, respectively. The overall yields from the teak and cocoyam agroforestry systems were more profitable than those of the monoculture system, as indicated by the LER values of 1.61 and 1.85. Cocoyam production was socially acceptable (77% of respondents) as a smallholder subsistence agroforestry practice to meet food demand. Increasing cocoyam productivity in teak forests requires the adoption of agroforestry silvicultural technology to achieve food security for rural communities. To increase their farming production and income, farmers could apply intensive silvicultural practices. Governmental support that could be provided includes encouraging product diversification and providing assistance for the processing and marketing of cocoyam products.