Agroforestry has been practiced for decades and is undoubtedly an important source of income for Indonesian households living near forests. However, there are still many cases of poverty among farmers due to a lack of ability to adopt advanced technology. This literature review aims to identify the characteristics and factors causing the occurrence of agricultural subsistence and analyze its implications for the level of farmer welfare and the regional forestry industry. The literature analysis conducted reveals that small land tenure, low literacy rates, and lack of forest maintenance are the main causes of the subsistence of small agroforestry farmers. Another reason is that subsistence-oriented agroforestry practices are considered a strong form of smallholder resilience. All of these limitations have implications for low land productivity and high-sawn timber waste from community forests. To reduce the subsistence level of farmers, government intervention is needed, especially in providing managerial assistance packages, capital assistance, and the marketing of forest products. Various agroforestry technologies are available but have not been implemented consistently by farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an integrated collaboration between researchers, farmers, and regionally owned enterprises (BUMD) to increase access to technology and markets. Although it is still difficult to realize, forest services, such as upstream–downstream compensation and carbon capture, have the potential to increase farmer income.

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Globally, various sectors were adversely affected by the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aims to determine the economic condition of bamboo craftsmen in Mandalagiri Village, Leuwisari District, Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. This is an in-depth research with data obtained by interviewing 35 bamboo craftsmen with various products and production scales. The results showed that craftsmen were not economically affected by the pandemic rather by the central government-stipulated regulation on social distancing, which led to their inability to transport their product from Tasikmalaya to Jakarta and other regions. However, since the government lifted the ban, their income has increased by an average of 2%. The result further showed that the main factor that keeps craftsmen from being negatively affected by the pandemic is the increasing online market demand supported by the availability of raw materials and the ability to adapt to various new model products. Other factors linked to the national market and products answer the demand of the modern market in the cities. Meanwhile, the main factors that positively affect the craftsmen's income are age and marital status.

Sebagian masyarakat masih menganggap bahwa bambu memiliki nilai ekonomi rendah. Banyak tanaman bambu di masyarakat yang dihilangkan atau diganti dengan komoditas lain. Desa sukaharja di Kabupaten Ciamis merupakan salah satu sentra penghasil bambu. Masyarakat merasakan manfaat ekonomi dari keberadaan bambu tersebut, sehingga keberadaan tanaman bambu masih terjaga kelestariannya. Pengelolaan bambu yang ada di Desa Sukaharja dapat dijadikan pembelajaran bagi petani bambu di tempat lain. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi agroforestri bambu di Desa Sukaharja. Penelitian menggunakan metode survei dan wawancara. Plot pengamatan dibuat sebanyak 39 plot. Pengamatan dan pengukuran vegetasi dilakukan secara sensus (100 %) pada seluruh areal lahan yang terpilih sehingga dapat diketahui semua jenis penyusun. Parameter yang dicatat/diukur adalah jenis bambu, jumlah rumpun, jumlah anakan, jumlah batang muda, jumlah batang tua, tinggi batang, dan keliling batang. Data yang berkaitan dengan sosial ekonomi diperoleh melalui wawancara. Responden dipilih secara sengaja yaitu petani masyarakat Desa Sukaharja sebanyak 69 responden. Data sekunder diperoleh dari studi pustaka dan data-data dari instansi yang memiliki keterkaitan dengan tujuan penelitian seperti Dinas Kehutanan, kantor desa, dan Badan Penyuluhan Pertanian, Perikanan, Peternakan dan Kehutanan. Bambu di Desa Sukaharja mempunyai potensi sebesar 765 batang bambu per hektar dengan komposisi 53 % bambu muda dan 47 % bambu tua, dengan didominasi oleh jenis bambu tali sebesar 92 %. Bambu di Desa Sukaharja dapat lestari karena dibudidayakan dengan pola agroforestri. Pola agroforestri bambu di masyarakat desa Sukaharja adalah a) Bambu + kayu, b) Bambu + HHBK, c) Bambu + tanaman perkebunan, d) Bambu +hortikultura.