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Biofilms are able to casue microorganisms to be 80% more resistant to antibiotics. The extracelullar polymeric substance (EPS) in biofilm functions to protect bacteria, making it difficult for antibiotics to penetrate the biofilm layer. This study aims to determine the effective- ness of photodynamic inactivation with blue diode laser to reduce Staphylococcus aureus biofilm at various ages of biofilms. The light source is a 403 nm blue diode laser with an energy power of about 27.65±0.01 mW. The study was designed with two groups: Group C was the untreated control group with variations in age of biofilms (0; 6; 11; 17; 24; 32; 40 and 48) hours; Group T was a laser treatment group with variations in age of biofilm and energy density (4.23; 8.46; 12.70; 16.93 and 21.16) J/cm2. Biofilm reduction measurement method using ELISA test was performed to calculate OD595 value. The statistical analysis results of variance showed that there was an influence of biofilm age and irradiation energy density of laser on biofilm reduction. Optical density analysis showed the most optimum biofilm reduction happened when biofilm age is perfectly constructed (about 17 hours) and with 91% reduction. The longer biofilm age lived among those biofilms, the greater the reduction. The results of the Scanning Microscope Electron and fluorescent microscope measurement showed destruction site of the EPS biofilm and bacterial cell death. So, the activated photodynamic with 403 nm laser diode is effective to reduce the Staphylococcus aureus biofilm in the maturation phase.

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Introduction -Physical condition is an important aspect that a referee must have, because the decrease in physical condition mayresult in emotional instability, premature fatigue, decreased concentration and cause failure to focus in leading the match.Objective -The aim ofthis study was to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on VO 2 max and reaction time response in basketball referees. Methods-A total of 20 men aged 18-21 years were enrolled in this study and given high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT).VO 2 max was measured using multistage fitness test (MFT) and the response reaction time was measuredusingwhole body reaction time test type II. Measurementswere carried out twice in pretest and postest. Data were analyzed for Independent-Samples T-Test and Paired Samples Test using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).Results -Mean value ofVO 2 max on HIIT between pretest and posttest was 33.36±3.78 vs. 45.12±3.45 mL/ kg/min (p-value=0.000). Mean value ofVO 2 max at MICT between pretest and posttest was 34.26±6.69 vs. 40.50±5.04 mL/kg/min (p-value=0.000). Mean reaction time in HIIT between pretest and posttest was 0.33±0.08 vs. 0.28±0.08 second (p-value=0.001). Mean MICT reaction time between pretest and posttest was 0.30±0.04 vs. 0.29±0.04 second, (p-value=0.029)). Mean delta (Δ) VO 2 max between HIIT vs. MICT was 11.76±2.27vs.6.24±2.49 mL/kg/min (p-value=0.000). Mean delta (Δ) reaction time between HIIT vs. MICT was -0.04±0.03 vs. -0.01±0.01 second (p-value=0.002). Conclusion -Based on the study results, it can be concluded that HIIT and MICT increase VO 2 max and response reaction time, but HIIT was more effective in increasing VO 2 max and reaction time compared to MICT in basketball referees.

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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has caused negative effect on biological environment. As non–moving living things, plants have their own response to reduce the negative effect by increasing flavonoid accumulation, such as red betel (Piper crocatum), which help the plant’s protection from bacteria. In Indonesia, red betel has been used as a herb treatment, especially in oral treatment. This study aims to optimise the antibacterial effect of red betel extract on oral bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, by irradiating UV. Kirby-Bauer method of disk diffusion test was used on this study by showing the bacteria’s diameter of inhibition zone. The samples distribution was devided into two groups, group (L–R+), control group, only used red betel extract without UV irradiation and group (L+R+) treatment combination of UV irradiation and red betel extract. The results showed that group L+R+ had better antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans, proven by the bigger inhibition zone, than group L–R+. UV irradiation for 12 hours showed the best result on each treatment with diameter of inhibition zone (15.00 ± 0.05) mm for 10 watt and (15.96 ± 0.05) mm for 15 watt. So, it is proven that UV irradiation can increase the antibacterial effect of red betel extract.

Personality can be closely associated with a person's behavior, lifestyle, and stress regulation. These are the factors that can influence the occurrence of many chronic diseases, therefore they are very important in a person's physical health. Based on the Big Five Personality, the nature of human psychology can be explained in five factors. One of those factors, which is also the broadest yet least understood, is openness to experience. This article aims to review previous studies discussing about the role of openness to experience in a person's physical health and well-being.