Objectives Noncommunicable disease (NCD) including obesity, cancer, and diabetes has become particular concern worldwide due to its morbidity and mortality which keep increasing annually. Adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are known to be substances that are involved in the development of NCD. Several diet regimens have been developed to treat NCD, one of which is the ketogenic diet (KD). This study aimed to analyze the long-term KD effect on serum adiponectin and IGF-1 levels in mice. Methods This study was a real experimental with post-test only controls group design. The subjects were 14 male mice (2–3 months, 20–30 g) were randomly divided into two groups, K1 (n=7, standard diet) and K2 (n=7, KD with a composition of 60% fat, 30% protein, and 10% fiber). All subjects were given diet intervention for 8 weeks ad libitum. Serum adiponectin and IGF levels were measured in post-intervention using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Distribution of normality was analyzed by the Shapiro–Wilk Test, mean difference using Independent T-Test, and linear correlation using Pearson’s Correlation Test. Data analysis was performed using Statistic Package for Social Science Version 16. Results Serum adiponectin levels in K1 (0.080 ± 0.012) pg/mL and K2 (0.099 ± 0.005) pg/mL, with p=0.003. Serum IGF-1 levels in K1 (133.535 ± 25.702) ng/mL and K2 (109.987 ± 27.118) ng/mL, with p=0.121. Coefficient correlation between serum adiponectin and serum IGF-1 levels [r]=−0.401, with p=0.155. Conclusions Long-term KD increases serum adiponectin levels and has no effect on serum IGF-1 levels. There was no significant correlation between serum adiponectin and serum IGF-1 levels.

Introduction: Every postpartum mother is recommended to breastfeed her baby because breast milk is the main need of newborns. The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on life in various aspects, including on the breastfeeding mothers, especially if they suffer from COVID-19 infection. Aim: The study aims to provide comprehensive evidence regarding potential virus transmission and antibody transfer through breastmilk and the experiences of mothers related to breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. The search strategy involved the use of keywords related to COVID-19 and breastfeeding in PubMed and Science Direct databases. Articles were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Breastfeeding has been recommended to be continued during the pandemic due to the benefits associated with it and the absence of sufficient evidence for transmission of COVID-19 infection through breast milk. During the lockdown period, there was a change in breastfeeding patterns, although most mothers believed that breastfeeding should be continued. Anxiety and lack of support affected breastfeeding practices. Breastfeeding mothers reported a dilemmatic situation. They felt protected because of the lockdown policy but also struggled to get support from their social environment. The impact varied in terms of stopping breastfeeding practice altogether, breastfeeding irregularly, and even giving formula milk. Conclusion: Adherence to health protocols can reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19 infection through breastfeeding from mother to baby. Support from the family and the environment is needed to ensure the continuity of breastfeeding practice.

Introduction -Physical condition is an important aspect that a referee must have, because the decrease in physical condition mayresult in emotional instability, premature fatigue, decreased concentration and cause failure to focus in leading the match.Objective -The aim ofthis study was to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on VO 2 max and reaction time response in basketball referees. Methods-A total of 20 men aged 18-21 years were enrolled in this study and given high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT).VO 2 max was measured using multistage fitness test (MFT) and the response reaction time was measuredusingwhole body reaction time test type II. Measurementswere carried out twice in pretest and postest. Data were analyzed for Independent-Samples T-Test and Paired Samples Test using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).Results -Mean value ofVO 2 max on HIIT between pretest and posttest was 33.36±3.78 vs. 45.12±3.45 mL/ kg/min (p-value=0.000). Mean value ofVO 2 max at MICT between pretest and posttest was 34.26±6.69 vs. 40.50±5.04 mL/kg/min (p-value=0.000). Mean reaction time in HIIT between pretest and posttest was 0.33±0.08 vs. 0.28±0.08 second (p-value=0.001). Mean MICT reaction time between pretest and posttest was 0.30±0.04 vs. 0.29±0.04 second, (p-value=0.029)). Mean delta (Δ) VO 2 max between HIIT vs. MICT was 11.76±2.27vs.6.24±2.49 mL/kg/min (p-value=0.000). Mean delta (Δ) reaction time between HIIT vs. MICT was -0.04±0.03 vs. -0.01±0.01 second (p-value=0.002). Conclusion -Based on the study results, it can be concluded that HIIT and MICT increase VO 2 max and response reaction time, but HIIT was more effective in increasing VO 2 max and reaction time compared to MICT in basketball referees.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence keeps increasing worldwide and being particular concern due to its morbidity and mortality. However, current CKD therapy are known to be economically costly and not necessarily provide better outcomes. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of the substances that widely studied as perspective therapeutic agents of CKD due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and enhancing mitochondrial function ability. However, the use of EGCG is limited to low bioavailability and poor pharmacokinetic profile. Encapsulation of EGCG with PLGA is expected to increase the efficacy of EGCG especially for its use as the kidney protective agent and optimize therapy of CKD. Thus, this study aims to analyze the potency of PLGA-encapsulated EGCG as the adjuvant therapy for CKD. This study was a narrative review summarizes studies related to current adjuvant therapy of CKD. EGCG has beneficial effects in reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines among chronic kidney disease. EGCG also can increase scavenging of free radicals to decrease reactive oxygen species. EGCG is known to enhance mitochondrial function and increase mitochondrial protection to prevent apoptosis in various kidney diseases. Combination of PLGA encapsulation with EGCG has a beneficial effect in improving the delivery, bioavailability, stability, and the pharmacokinetic profile of EGCG. PLGA-encapsulated EGCG also provides a better therapeutic effect on preventing and decreasing progression of kidney damage. Finally, this study concluded that combination of PLGA-encapsulated EGCG has a potency as the adjuvant therapy of CKD.

Universities participate in realizing Indonesia's vision 2045 “The Indonesians who are excellent, civilized, and mastering science technology, to bring Indonesia as the center of science technology development in the Asia and the world”. It would need intense effort and synergy, considering the science literacy of Indonesian students was ranked the 10th lowest out of 79 countries in 2018. The innovation capacity is ranked 74 out of 141 countries.  Research is an essential activity, encouraging the development of science technology. Research competency should be honed by high school students as part of scientific inquiry. Therefore, this community service was carried out in collaboration with FORISMA FK UNAIR, aimed to increase students’ understanding of the urgency, stages, and procedures of research as well as increase interest in research activities. It was also intended to develop their skills to compile and present research proposals. The partner was Raudlatul Jannah High School Sidoarjo. It was implemented through workshops, coaching, and presentations followed by the teachers and 11th-grade students.  The whole activity successfully improved students' knowledge. Increased knowledge score was obtained in 83% of participants. The pre-test evaluation showed 88% of participants had poor knowledge, whilst post-test evaluations were predominantly good. This community service increased students’ interest in research and changed their perceptions of research’s importance. This improved students' capability to identify research problems, search and compile scientific references as a basis for building hypotheses and conceptual frameworks, and determine research methods. The four groups of students were able to produce research proposals of sufficient quality and were able to present and discuss them in the forum. This community service was perceived to help the school in the implementation of curriculum, especially in science literacy. The school was committed to deepening students' knowledge and skills in the field of scientific research by providing research project modules. This community service is part of the contribution of higher education to the achievement of the vision of Indonesia 2045. This can be a model of scientific inquiry learning in secondary education, thus it is necessary to be implemented in other high schools.

COVID-19 cases in Indonesia seemed to be increasing by each passing day at the time of writing this review, more positive cases discovered than the recovered ones. With the highest rank within all ASEAN countries, and also a home of many variants of COVID-19, Indonesia had become a break off destination to others. Along with the problem associated with the pandemic, which all people had to face, the purpose of this review is to elaborate the use of convalescent plasma therapy on treatment against COVID-19, especially its different variants. We overview the evidence that we obtained from several databases using specific keywords. A large amount of evidence points out that the convalescent plasma therapy has shown a promising outcome against COVID-19 infection, as it did for infectious diseases. Although in COVID-19 variants of concern, convalescent plasma therapy showed a reduction in neutralization ~ 3-fold against P.1, and 7-13 folds against B.1.351 variant, it still can be used as a treatment for COVID-19 and its variants. Abbreviations: PPE - personal protective equipment; VoC - Variants of concern; VoI - Variants of interest; CPT - convalescent plasma therapy; RBD - receptor-binding domain; ARDS - Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; ICU - Intensive Care Unit; IQR - Interquartile Range; RCT - Randomized Clinical Trial; RT-PCR - Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction; NAbs - neutralizing antibodies Key words: Convalescent plasma therapy; COVID-19, Variants of Concern Citation: Kurniawati EM, Putri IS, Widiatmaja DM, Praba VM, Visuddho 2, Prameswari FU, Zahrani M, Putra FN, Nugraha D, Widiastara AA. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19 patients infected with variants of concerns. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2022;26(4):535-545; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v26i4.1962 Received: July 31, 2021; Reviewed: May 17, 2022; Accepted: May 18, 2022

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