The article presents the results of scientific research on the use of residues of the dairy industry (cake) as an organic fertilizer for spring wheat. Cake refers to the residues obtained by cleaning milk pipes, and has a chemical composition and physical properties similar to cottage cheese, but has a pungent and unpleasant smell of spoiled foods. The direct effect of oilcake on the growth and development of spring wheat on light gray forest loamy soil was studied in field experiments established in 2017–2019. Scientific studies have shown that cake is an excellent organic fertilizer, and its use in doses of 30, 60 and 90 t/ha dramatically increases soil fertility and productivity of spring wheat, improves grain quality.
The article presents for the first time the results of using organic substances belonging to the category of industrial waste as fertilizers for agricultural crops. The dairy industry has waste (hereinafter referred to as cake) generated during the cleaning of milk pipes and requiring additional costs for their disposal. Biogas plant products (hereinafter referred to as biofertilizer) obtained from fresh chicken manure by fermentation in an anaerobic environment are also promising as fertilizer for agricultural crops. Biofertilizer and cake were applied superficially at different plots at doses of 3 kg/m2 (30 t/ha), 6 kg/m2 (60 t/ha) and 9 kg/m2 (90 t/ha). The potato tubers of the ‘Gala’ variety of German selection were planted. It was found that the higher the dose of the used substances, the greater the yield of potatoes. The yield increase in the variant of 30 t/ha of cake was 5.9 t/ha of potato tubers, 60 t/ha of cake - 11.3 t/ha, and in the variant of 90 t/ha of cake - 15.5 t/ha. The use of biofertilizers also caused an increase in yield. The use of waste as fertilizers enhances the biological activity of soils, increases the content of mobile nutrients of plants of light gray forest soil.
The most important issue when developing the machine technology of cabbage harvesting is to protect the heads from mechanical damage. In this regard, the article describes a new technology for harvesting cabbage based on a prototype developed by the authors of a multivariate cabbage harvester. This technology of cabbage machine harvesting differs from the known gentle mode of stacking heads in containers on a low-frame trailer accompanying the harvesting unit. The authors first simulated the workflow of this technology using the queuing theory. As a result, a quantitative relationship between the performance indicators of the cabbage harvesting process and the structural and technological parameters of the machine in the studied variant was established. On its basis, rational values of parameters of the machine were defined: the number of jobs at the completion table, the longitudinal conveyor and on the site of the low-frame trailer, respectively, n1 = 2, n2 = 4, and n3 = 4; the length of the conveyor-cutter and the longitudinal conveyor, respectively, was 2.8 and 4 m.
The results of study of yield and protein content in grains of chaffy and naked barley in the experiment with the increasing rates of mineral fertilizers were described. The relationship between the nitrogen content in the leaves of barley plants and protein content in grains were calculated. For the Acha variety the optimal fertilizer rate was based on the yield of 3.0 t/ha. Higher fertilizer rates were needed to realize yield potential of the Philadelphia and Nudum 95 varieties based on the yield of 5.0 t/ha. The highest protein content in the barley grain was formed in the options with the calculated rate of fertilizers for the yield of 5 t/ha: Acha-15%; Philadelphia-13.5%; Nudum 95-18%. A positive relationship was established between the nitrogen content in the leaves and the amount of protein in the grain: r = 0.934; 0.880; 0.877 for the Acha, Philadelphia, Nudum 95 varieties, respectively. In collecting protein from the area unit, the Acha variety has shown the best results, the advantage of which was 131 kg/ha compared to the Philadelphia variety, and 95-127 kg/ha compared to Nudum 95.
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