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Fifty‐six carpal arthrodeses were carried out in 50 dogs. Six of these had bilateral arthrodeses. A dynamic compression plate (DCP; Straumann Great Britain Ltd), placed on the dorsal aspect of the carpus, was used for fixation in all cases. The main indication for pancarpal arthrodesis was a hyperextension injury of the radiocarpal joint. Forty‐three pancarpal arthrodeses were performed in 40 dogs (a bilateral procedure was performed in three). Hyperextension injuries of the intercarpal and carpometacarpal joints were treated by partial carpal arthrodesis in 10 dogs; three of these had bilateral procedures. Seventy‐four per cent of dogs treated by pancarpal arthrodesis regained full limb function. Only 50 per cent of cases treated by partial carpal arthrodesis had a similar result.

In recent years a great deal of work has been done on the relationships between various members of the Culex @@ens complex. It is now generally recognized that there are at least two more or less welldefined members, C&x p. p;piens and C. p. quinquefasciatus. The status of Culex motestus has not yet been completely investigated but it would appear that it is a strain or group of strains of pip&s s.s., possibly an urban biotype. Most of the pertinent literature on this group of mosquitoes has been collected in a symposium published by the Royal Entomological Society of London (Mattingly et al., 1951). Due to the difficulty of differentiating the various members of the complex, their distributions are only vaguely known. This study is designed to provide more complete information on the distributions of these forms in North America. METHODS Three forms in the complex are at present known from North America, P-P+-% quinquefasciatus, and "molestus". The identification of the latter rests l upon a biological characteristic, autogeny; morphologically, the form is difEcult to separate from p@iens. The present study was done from a morphological point of view; if specimens of "molestus" are included they could not be separated from p@k?ZS. The only reliable character for separating individual pip+ns and quinquejusciutus wa,s described by Sundararaman (1949). This is a ratio of two measurements of various parts of the male genitalia. This measurement has been adopted by a succession of workers (Barr and Kartman, 1951; Mattingly et at., 1951; Knight and Malek, 1951; Dobrotworsky and Drumm ond, 1952; Knight, 1953a, b, c) and has proved reliable. L Secuting specimens. A form letter requesting series of these forms was circulated to culicidologists in North America. This resulted in about 150 lots of material, two of which were not from North America. The contributors of this material made the study possible. Individual specimens were not requested and were usually not studied. Mounting specimens. Each lot was numbered on receipt and stored in alcohol I to preclude insect damage. The insects were cleared for a few minutes in hot 10% KOH, washed 43 water, neutralized in a dilute acetic acid solution, dehydrated in 95 % alcohol, cleared and dissected in creosote, and mounted in I I 1 This investigation was supported in part by a research grant

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The aims of this prospective study were to investigate the associations and correlations between individual clinical features of osteoarthritis of the cruciate deficient stifle joint and to document the temporal changes in these features over a 13-month period following surgical treatment. Fiftyeight dogs with osteoarthritis of the stifle joint, secondary to cranial cruciate ligament deficiency, were examined before surgical treatment for cruciate deficiency and at one and a half, seven and 13 months after surgery. At each visit, clinical features were graded using four-point, discontinuous, ordinal grading (Likert) scales and intra-articular pathology was also scored in a similar fashion at arthrotomy. No attempt was made to construct an aggregate score because the relative importance of different disease features and the relationships between them were not understood at the time of writing. A t entry, the relationships between background and disease variables and clinical parameters were investigated as well as the relationships between clinical parameters and intra-articular pathology scores. Longitudinal analysis was performed to test for those features which showed significant change over the 13-month follow-up period. At entry, periarticular thickening and degree of crepitus were significantly correlated with disease duration. Several features showed significant change over the study period. Notably, the degree of quadriceps atrophy showed significant decrease from baseline scores at seven and 13 months while remaining dlfferent from normal, suggesting that a measure of quadriceps atrophy may be a useful measure of long-term outcome in this disease.

Significant proximal diffusion occurs in the first 10 min after perineural injection in the distal aspect of the limb and should be considered when interpreting nerve blocks. Distribution of local anaesthetic solution outside the fascia surrounding the neurovascular bundle or in lymphatic vessels may explain delayed or decreased effects.

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