The Distribution of Culex P. Pipiens and C. P. Quinquefasciatus in North America 1

Barr, A. R.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1957.6.153

Cited by 126 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…p. quinquefasciatus (Table 5). Because this latter cross is known to occur in the United States throughout the hybrid zone between the 36th and 39th parallels (Barr 1957), the estimated gene flow between Cx. p. pipiens and Cx.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Differences BetweenCulex pipiensf. molestus andCulex pipiens pipiens(Diptera: Culicidae) in New York

Kent¹,

Harrington²,

Norris³

2007

J Med Entomol

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The definition and phylogenetic placement of the autogenous molestus form of Culex pipiens has puzzled entomologists for decades. We identified genetic differences between Cx. p. pipiens (L.) and Cx. pipiens f. molestus Forskål in the SH60 fragment described previously. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, cloning, and sequencing of this fragment demonstrated high polymorphism within and among individual Cx. p. pipiens, with common SH60 variants shared among individuals from distant locations. In contrast, Cx. pipiens f. molestus from New York City each contained a single SH60 variant, which was not identified in any other Cx. p. pipiens specimens analyzed. Supporting microsatellite analysis demonstrated significant but reduced gene flow between Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. pipiens f. molestus in New York relative to Cx. p. pipiens populations in New York and California. Results are discussed in the context of two contrasting hypotheses regarding the origin of Cx. pipiens f. molestus populations. KeywordsCulex pipiens pipiens; Culex pipiens f. molestus; genetics; microsatellites; West Nile virus Culex pipiens f. molestus Forskål is a morphologically identical ecological biotype of Culex pipiens pipiens (L.) defined by a host of behavioral and physiological characteristics. In contrast to Cx. p. pipiens, Culex pipiens f. molestus has the ability to produce eggs without a vertebrate bloodmeal (autogeny); can mate in confined spaces (stenogamy); foregoes winter diapause; occupies subterranean environments with limited surface access; and feeds readily on mammals, including humans (Mattingly 1952, Vinogradova 2000. The potential public health importance of the mammal-feeding molestus biotype of Cx. p. pipiens as a human disease vector has led to a search for markers to readily identify these two forms.Despite the numerous biological differences that distinguish Cx. pipiens f. molestus from Cx. p. pipiens, reliable identification of Cx. pipiens f. molestus by using morphology and/or molecular tools and phylogenetic placement of this form within the Cx. pipiens complex NIH Public Access Polymerase Chain ReactionThe relative quality of all DNA extractions was evaluated by PCR amplification of a fragment of the mitochondrial NADH dehy-drogenase subunit four (ND4) by using arthropod-specific primers (Simon et al. 1994, Kent andNorris 2005). Molecular identification for all samples was obtained using the Crabtree et al. bromide-stained 2% agarose gels. All gels were run with GeneRuler 100-bp molecular mass marker (MBI Fermentas, Hanover, MD). p. pipiens were purified with the QIAquick PCR Purification or Gel Extraction kits (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA) and cloned using chemically competent TOP10 One Shot Escherichia coli (TOPO TA Cloning kit with pCR 2.1-TOPO vector catalog K4500-01, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) to evaluate differences between SH60 variants. Transformed E. coli were grown at 37°C overnight on LB agar plates containing 50 µg/ml carbenicillin, and transformed colonies were identified by blue-white...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Differences BetweenCulex pipiensf. molestus andCulex pipiens pipiens(Diptera: Culicidae) in New York

Kent¹,

Harrington²,

Norris³

2007

J Med Entomol

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“…pipiens as separate species. These species are reliably recognizable by the shape of the male genitalia, 4 a standard source of taxonomic characters in mosquitoes, and by DNA-based rapid assays. 5 Culex quinquefasciatus (the southern house mosquito) and Cx.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autogeny in Culex pipiens Complex Mosquitoes from the San Francisco Bay Area

Strickman¹,

Fonseca²

2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. We surveyed the genetic ancestry and recorded the occurrence of autogeny, the developmental times, and survival rates in families of Culex pipiens in Santa Clara County, CA, at 37 N latitude. Females in 95% of the families produced fertile egg rafts without access to blood (= autogeny) after mating in stenogamous conditions. Developmental time, survival, and egg raft production were closely correlated to temperature. Male DV/D ratios overwhelmingly matched Cx. pipiens but a microsatellite analysis revealed these were Cx. pipiens form molestus hybridized with Culex quinquefasciatus and to a lesser extent to Cx. pipiens form pipiens, a genetic mix heretofore not recorded elsewhere. Greater DV/D ratios and larger proportions of genetic ancestry from Cx. quinquefasciatus were negatively correlated to autogeny. The combination of multiple overwintering strategies and widespread autogeny in females arising from aboveground larval sites supports the hypothesis that some North American populations of Cx. pipiens complex mosquitoes express unusual phenologies.

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“…pipiens L., which is found in temperate zones. In intermediate areas, these two members can mate yielding hybrids and intermediate forms (Barr 1957), through the processes of gene flow and introgression (Humeres et al 1998, McAbee et al 2008, Kothera et al 2009). Mosquitoes of the Cx.…”

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confidence: 99%

Genetic-morphometric variation in Culex quinquefasciatus from Brazil and La Plata, Argentina

Morais

Moratore

Suesdek

et al. 2010

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Variation among natural populations of Culex (Culex) Key words: Culex pipiens complex -Culex quinquefasciatus -clines -molecular identification -wing morphologyThe Culex (Culex) pipiens complex in the Americas is composed of two main species, Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say, which is adapted to tropical zones and Cx. pipiens L., which is found in temperate zones. In intermediate areas, these two members can mate yielding hybrids and intermediate forms (Barr 1957), through the processes of gene flow and introgression (Humeres et al. 1998, McAbee et al. 2008, Kothera et al. 2009). Mosquitoes of the Cx. pipiens complex are potential vectors of filarid worms in tropical and subtropical areas (Bockarie et al. 2009) and diverse arboviruses, including West Nile virus (Apperson et al. 2004, Cook et al. 2006.Adult females and immature stages of the Cx. pipiens complex are morphologically similar. The differentiation of adult males can be made by analysis of genitalia, which includes measuring the DV/D ratio of the dorsal arms of the aedeagus in the phallosome, as reported by Sundararaman (1949). Because members of the Cx. pipiens complex have a broad geographical distribution, other phenotypical differences beyond those of the male genitalia can be found. For example, some wing characters can also been used for morphologic identification of mosquito species.Financial support: FAPESP (05/50225-2, 06/02622-5) SAM and CM contributed equally to this work (FAPESP 06/57272-9 and 07/1665-5, respectively The taxonomic keys compiled by Forattini (2002) compared wing morphology of adult females. In that report, the subcosta vein (Sc) was reported to bind with the costa vein (C) before the bifurcation of the radial 2+3 vein (R 2+3 ) in Cx. quinquefasciatus, whereas in Cx. pipiens, the Sc vein binds to vein C at the same point or beyond the R 2+3 bifurcation. To our knowledge, these findings have not been investigated in other geographically distant populations. Linam and Nielsen (1962) reported that Bekku (1956), in Northern Japan, also attempted to use wing characteristics [the length of radial cell R 2 (second marginal cell) divided by the length of vein R 3 ] to distinguish adults of the pipiens group. The results of Bekku (1956) were inconclusive, which was later explained when Kamura (1958) found that these particular wing measurements varied with the temperature of the environment. Nielsen and Rees (1961) and Linam and Nielsen (1962) reported that the most reliable method of separating females of Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus was by a wing measurement value obtained by dividing the length of the cell R 2 by the length of the vein R 2+3 (R 2 /R 2+3 ratio). These authors reported the value of this ratio to be about 5.0 in Cx. pipiens and 3.0 or less in Cx. quinquefasciatus, with intermediate values present in the hybrids. However, these studies did not evaluate morphometric data among mosquito populations and climatic/geographic gradients.In insects, the phenotypic variations among members of species complexes have...

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The Distribution of Culex P. Pipiens and C. P. Quinquefasciatus in North America 1

Cited by 126 publications

References 3 publications

Genetic Differences BetweenCulex pipiensf. molestus andCulex pipiens pipiens(Diptera: Culicidae) in New York

Genetic Differences BetweenCulex pipiensf. molestus andCulex pipiens pipiens(Diptera: Culicidae) in New York

Autogeny in Culex pipiens Complex Mosquitoes from the San Francisco Bay Area

Genetic-morphometric variation in Culex quinquefasciatus from Brazil and La Plata, Argentina

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