A subgroup of patients with hoarseness (10/21) had objective detection of the esophagopharyngeal reflux. We propose that these patients are more likely to benefit from further intense antireflux therapy. Detection of pepsin in the saliva may be a useful screening tool in these patients.
Cost-supply curves for delivered wood chips from short rotation woody crops were calculated for 21 regularly-spaced locations spanning the state of Tennessee. These curves were used to systematically evaluate the combined effects of location and facility demand on wood chip feedstock costs in Tennessee. The cost-supply curves were developed using BRAVO, a GIS-based decision support system which calculates marginal cost of delivering wood chips to a specific location given road network maps and maps of farmgate prices and supplies of woody chips from short rotation energy crops.Marginal costs of delivered chips varied by both facility location in the state and facility demand. Marginal costs were lowest in central Tennessee unless the facility demand was greater than 2.7 million dry Mg per year (3 million dry tons per year) in which case west Tennessee was the Iowest cost region. Marginal costs rose rapidly with increasing facility demand in the mountainous eastern portion of the state. Transportation costs accounted for 18 to 29% of the delivered cost and ranged between $8 and $18/dry Mg ($7 and $16/dry ton). Reducing the expected farmer participation rate from 100% to 50% or 25% dramatically raised the marginal costs of feedstock supply in the east and central regions of the state. The analysis demonstrates the need to use geographically-specific information when projecting the potential costs and supplies of biomass feedstock.
Historically, utility substation engineering and protection departments have tended to work independently from grid operations. For example, EMS (Energy Management System) or SCADA systems typically do not fully model substation protection schemes and conversely, substation protection schemes typically have limited knowledge of the power system network topology models of the grid. At CFE -Comision Federal de Electricidad, Mexico, this is exactly the challenge being faced. However the need for a "Smart Grid" or particularly a "Smart Substation" creates new requirements for real-time measurement data and utility model sharing between these two separate worlds. While protection and grid operations traditionally try to work closely to share more detailed information, it is likely that these departments still will not merge easily. Thus, there is a need for the introduction of a unified platform established in CFE that has visibility on merged network models and device models such that new overarching enterprise-wide applications can be developed for the utility. This paper discusses standards for network and device modeling can be leveraged to create an open and flexible development environment.
Cost-supply curves for delivered wood chips from short rotation woody crops were calculated for 21 regularly-spaced locations spanning the state of Tennessee. These curves were used to systematically evaluate the combined effects of location and facility demand on wood chip feedstock costs in Tennessee. The cost-supply curves were developed using BRAVO, a GIS-based decision support system which calculates marginal cost of delivering wood chips to a specific location given road network maps and maps of farmgate prices and supplies of woody chips from short rotation energy crops.Marginal costs of delivered chips varied by both facility location in the state and facility demand. Marginal costs were lowest in central Tennessee unless the facility demand was greater than 2.7 million dry Mg per year (3 million dry tons per year) in which case west Tennessee was the Iowest cost region. Marginal costs rose rapidly with increasing facility demand in the mountainous eastern portion of the state. Transportation costs accounted for 18 to 29% of the delivered cost and ranged between $8 and $18/dry Mg ($7 and $16/dry ton). Reducing the expected farmer participation rate from 100% to 50% or 25% dramatically raised the marginal costs of feedstock supply in the east and central regions of the state. The analysis demonstrates the need to use geographically-specific information when projecting the potential costs and supplies of biomass feedstock.
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