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In this study, the effect of nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg) and nickel plus mercury (Ni+ Hg) on fatty acid composition in the muscle tissues of fish Lates calcarifer has been investigated. It was determined from the results of 96 h metal exposure period of fish, depending on Ni, Hg and Ni plus Hg concentration, the amount of saturated fatty, mono unsaturated fatty acid and poly unsaturated fatty acids in fish were decreased when compared with control group (p<0.05). It was also found that Ni, Hg and Ni plus Hg had reduced effects on palmitoleic, linoleic, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic, decosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic belong to unsaturated fatty acid in muscle tissue. The data demonstrated the necessity for regular monitoring of the hazard quotient for food fish in wild conditions.

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Fingerlings of estuarine fishes, Tilapia mossambica and Lates calcarifer were exposed to sub-lethal concentration of mercury and chromium (2.8 ppm) for a period of 28 days. When these fish were exposed to metals concentration, severe gills alterations were observed. But the alteration was less in fish T. mossambica when compared to that of L. calcarife. The fish L. calcarifer exposed to mercury plus chromium, showed lifting up of the epithelium, swelling, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, proliferation of chloride cells, but in mercury treatment, lamellar fusions, fused secondary lamella and necrosis were observed, whereas in T. mossambica the gills disintegration of epithelial cells, desquamated epithelium, hemorrhaged and exhibited complete damage of epithelial cells of lamellae. The Na+, K+-ATPase activity of both gills and plasma showed significant reduction throughout the experiment period in both fishes. The enzyme activity was more drastic in the case of plasma. The results are discussed in relation to the significance of the above enzyme as non-specific biomarkers against environmental stress.

Aim: The present study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of osteoporosis, symptoms, etiology, factors influencing the osteoporosis in patients with liver complications and to study the association of osteoporosis and severity of liver dysfunction and impact of osteoporosis on quality of life.Methods: 90 eligible patients tested in Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital. Patient's samples were collected, tested and results recorded. Results:Out of 90 patients (M-84.4%, F-15.6%) and as age progressed, osteopenia and osteoporosis found than the normal patients. Higher percentage of patients had Fatigue symptoms. Common etiology was HBV. As the Child-Pugh-Turcotte (CTP) scoring was increased from A to C the numbers of patients were increased from normal to osteopenia followed by osteoporosis. Statistical significance was found between Normal and Low Bone Marrow Density (BMD) with Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD), Vitamin-D, Para-thyroid hormone and Duration of diseases. Statistical significant found between Normal and Low BMD in the elevation biological markers like T. bilirubin, AST, ALT, SAP (females) and Albumin. Conclusion:Among the liver diseases patients ¾ of them were with Low BMD. Linear progression of low BMD was found with increased age. With the symptom also we can detect low BMD in liver diseases patients. As the CTP increased low BMD was observed. Alcoholic liver disease had highest proportion of osteoporosis. Routine testing of vitamin D in HBV patients, higher MELD and increased duration of liver diseases will guide us for better and early diagnosis of low BMD among the liver diseases population.

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