Vancomycin-Eluting Niosomes: A New Approach to the Inhibition of Staphylococcal Biofilm on Abiotic Surfaces

Abstract

Abstract. A new vancomycin (VCM)-eluting mixed bilayer niosome formulation was evaluated for the control of staphylococcal colonization and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces, a niosome application not explored to date. Cosurfactant niosomes were prepared using a Span 60/Tween 40/cholesterol blend (1: 1: 2). Tween 40, a polyethoxylated amphiphile, was included to enhance VCM entrapment and confer niosomal surface properties precluding bacterial adhesion. VCM-eluting niosomes showed good quality attributes including relatively high entrapment efficiency (∼50%), association of Tween 40 with vesicles in a constant proportion (∼87%), biphasic release profile suitable for inhibiting early bacterial colonization, and long-term stability at 4°C for a 12-month study period. Niosomes significantly enhanced VCM activity against planktonic bacteria of nine staphylococcal strains. Using microtiter plates as abiotic surface, VCM-eluting niosomes proved superior to VCM in inhibiting biofilm formation, eradicating surface-borne biofilms, inhibiting biofilm growth, and interfering with biofilm induction by VCM subminimal inhibitory concentrations. Data suggest dual functionality of cosurfactant VCM-eluting niosomes as passive colonization inhibiting barrier and active antimicrobial-controlled delivery system, two functions recognized in infection control of abiotic surfaces and medical devices.

Vancomycin-loaded niosomes integrated within pH-sensitive in-situ forming gel for treatment of ocular infections while minimizing drug irritation

“…The differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05) only against the MRSA bacterial strain. This enhancement of antibacterial activity of vancomycin niosomal in‐situ gel may be attributed to the interaction between niosomes and microorganisms . In contrast, we have previously observed a slight reduction in the in‐vitro antibacterial efficacy for the vancomycin‐loaded niosomes as compared to the vancomycin hydrochloride‐free drug solution .…”

“…This enhancement of antibacterial activity of vancomycin niosomal in-situ gel may be attributed to the interaction between niosomes and microorganisms. [45] In contrast, we have previously observed a slight reduction in the in-vitro antibacterial efficacy for the vancomycin-loaded niosomes as compared to the vancomycin hydrochloride-free drug solution. [16] Entrapment of niosomes into the gel matrix results in longer contact time that may allow fusion between the niosomes and the bacterial cell wall, leading to enhancement of permeability of the drug released to the surrounding medium.…”

Development of niosomal formulations loaded with cyclosporine A and evaluation of its compatibility

“…The niosomes loaded with cyclosporine A were separated by ultracentrifugation at 12000 × g for thirty minutes at 4 °C. The supernatant was separated, and niosomes were disrupted using methanol [11]. High pressure liquid chromatography was used to determine the amount of cyclosporine A in niosomal formulations.…”

In vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Niosome-Encapsulated Olive Leaf Extract

“…Patel et al (2015) prepared propolis-loaded niosomes and has reported that MIC values of propolis loaded noisome and ethanolic propolis solution against S. aureus was 0.3 mg/mL and 0.5 g/mL, respectively. The MIC values of free vancomycin and vancomycin-loaded niosome against MRSA were reported as 8 μg/mL and 1 μg/mL, respectively (Barakat et al 2014).…”