Development of niosomal formulations loaded with cyclosporine A and evaluation of its compatibility

Abstract

Purpose: To formulate niosomes of cyclosporine A using nonionic surfactants, and to use the attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) technique to explore solid/liquid interfacial phenomena as well as compatibility between active drug and pharmaceutical excipients. Methods: Niosomes of cyclosporine A were prepared using the thin-film hydration method. Cholesterol and non-ionic surfactants, including polyethylene glycol sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60) and sorbitan monostearate (Span 60), were used as excipients. The ATR-FTIR spectra of all the ingredients, their physical mixtures, and niosomal formulations were studied. The niosomes were characterized for size, polydispersivity index (PDI), zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. Results: Six niosomal formulations (F1 -F6) were successfully developed. Niosomal formulation F2 prepared at the ratio of 6:4 surfactant to cholesterol, presented the highest entrapment efficiency of 77.28 %. The ATR-FTIR spectra of niosomal formulations did not show incompatibility. The size of the selected formulation (F2) was 1049 nm while its SEM image displayed a spherical nature of the niosomes. Conclusion: The results show that cyclosporine A can be entrapped in niosomes using non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol. Furthermore, there is no significant interaction between the ingredients of niosomes and cyclosporine A.This is an Open Access article that uses a funding model which does not charge readers or their institutions for access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) and the Budapest

Potentiality of Melittin-Loaded Niosomal Vesicles Against Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal Skin Infection

“…Mel-loaded NISVs also showed stretching bands at 2922 and 2853 cm −1 within the C-H stretching region. 47 From this, it can be inferred that Mel was successfully encapsulated by the niosomal vesicle system.…”

“…Furthermore, Mel-loaded NISVs also showed major peaks at 1738 and 1113 cm −1 within the C=O stretching and C-O vibration ester functional group, 47 which were slightly shifted from the characteristic peaks of empty NISVs at 1724 and 1107 cm −1 . Mel-loaded NISVs also showed stretching bands at 2922 and 2853 cm −1 within the C-H stretching region.…”

Electrosprayed cefazolin‐loaded niosomes onto electrospun chitosan nanofibrous membrane for wound healing applications

“…The presence of the bands at 2929.17 and 2929.34 cm −1 could be assigned to the carboxylic acids; in addition, bands at 2360.49 and 2360.78 cm −1 could be ascribed to primary and secondary amines, respectively; all of these were the functional groups of cholesterol and span 60 32 . Moreover, the bands at 1052.41 and 1530.66 cm −1 seemed to be related to cyclohexane ring vibrations, alkyl‐substituted ether and NH bending vibration in the amide group (strong evidence showing the chemical structure of PEG), respectively 32,33 . C═O stretching vibrations related to the bands 1660–1690 cm −1 , as shown in Figure 4A,B,D,E, were related to the carboxyl and cyclic amide, and the graphs related to niosomal cefazolin.…”

“…31 The presence of the bands at 2929.17 and 2929.34 cm À1 could be assigned to the carboxylic acids; in addition, bands at 2360.49 and 2360.78 cm À1 could be ascribed to primary and secondary amines, respectively; all of these were the functional groups of cholesterol and span 60. 32 Moreover, the bands at 1052.41 and 1530.66 cm À1 bending vibration in the amide group of CS. 35 The C O C stretching vibration occurred at 1040-1150 cm À1 in the CS spectrum, and the C H blending was observed at 1012.69 cm À1 .…”

“…seemed to be related to cyclohexane ring vibrations, alkyl-substituted ether and N H bending vibration in the amide group (strong evidence showing the chemical structure of PEG), respectively 32,33. C═O stretching vibrations related to the bands 1660-1690 cm À1 , as shown in Figure4A,B,D,E, were related to the carboxyl and cyclic amide, and the graphs related to niosomal cefazolin.…”